摘要

       最近，人们越来越担心在处理过的生活污水、动物粪便和城市生物固体中存在抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（ARG）。人们关心的是，这些额外的ARB来源是否有助于环境中的抗生素抗性水平，即“环境抗生素抗性”。ARB和ARG自然存在于土壤和水中，目前尚不清楚通过土地利用在液体和固体城市及动物废物中引入ARB是否对环境中抗生素耐药性的背景水平产生重大影响，以及它们是否影响人类接触ARB。本文对土地利用活动中产生的ARB和ARG的发生率进行了研究和重新评价，并对非临床环境源暴露引起的抗生素耐药性对公众健康的威胁提供了新的视角。根据土地利用中ARBs和ARGs的输入、土壤微生物生态学原理及其在土壤中的归宿以及土壤中ARBs和ARGs的本地背景水平，我们得出结论：虽然土地利用废弃物会暂时增加土壤中的抗生素抗性水平，它们的持久性并没有保证，事实上是可变的，而且常常基于应用程序站点而相互矛盾。此外，废物的使用可能不会对公众健康产生最直接的影响。在农业和公共卫生领域仍需要进一步调查，包括继续审查这两个部门的抗生素使用情况。

       Recently, there has been increased concern about the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARG), in treated domestic wastewaters, animal manures and municipal biosolids. The concern is whether these additional sources of ARB contribute to antibiotic resistance levels in the environment, that is, "environmental antibiotic resistance." ARB and ARG occur naturally in soil and water, and it remains unclear whether the introduction of ARB in liquid and solid municipal and animal wastes via land application have any significant impact on the background levels of antibiotic resistance in the environment, and whether they affect human exposure to ARB. In this current review, we examine and re-evaluate the incidence of ARB and ARG resulting from land application activities, and offer a new perspective on the threat of antibiotic resistance to public health via exposure from nonclinical environmental sources. Based on inputs of ARBs and ARGs from land application, their fate in soil due to soil microbial ecology principles, and background indigenous levels of ARBs and ARGs already present in soil, we conclude that while antibiotic resistance levels in soil are increased temporally by land application of wastes, their persistence is not guaranteed and is in fact variable, and often contradictory based on application site. Furthermore, the application of wastes may not produce the most direct impact of ARGs and ARB on public health. Further investigation is still warranted in agriculture and public health, including continued scrutiny of antibiotic use in both sectors.

       https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b04360