摘要

      食品垃圾转移和堆肥，无论是强制的还是自愿的，都是传统垃圾处理的替代品。一个可接受的农业饲料和堆肥材料来源，甲烷排放的食物残渣，包括消费后的食物残渣，从垃圾填埋场转移，允许重新获得营养素，否则将丢失。然而，与抗微生物细菌（ARB）、抗抗生素基因（ARGs）或来自食物垃圾的病原体的转移相关的风险并没有很好的特征。利用鸟枪亚基因组测序法，在一个饲养消费后食品废物的综合家禽养殖场的样本中，成功地鉴定出精氨酸、微生物含量和相关的毒性因子。共发现495种细菌或亚种，50个ARGs，54个毒力基因序列。与氨基糖苷、四环素和大环内酯类耐药相关的ARG序列最为突出，而大多数毒力基因序列与转座子或整合子活性相关。农场内和农场外食物垃圾收集点的微生物组分含量不同，在整个堆肥过程中病原体减少。虽然大多数样本都有一定程度的耐药性，但只有3个耐药基因序列出现在农场和农场外的样本中，而且没有一个多药耐药（MDR）基因序列在农场上持续存在。合并来自人类来源的新的或多药耐药性的风险似乎很小，利用消费后食物残渣作为家禽饲料和堆肥材料的做法可能不会对人类或动物健康造成重大风险。Pearson相关分析和共惯性分析表明，抗性基因和毒力基因之间存在显著的相互作用（P=0.05，RV=0.67），表明进行基因转移的能力可能是比存在特定细菌物种更好的ARG风险标记。这项工作扩展了对动物饲料和堆肥过程中精氨酸命运的认识，并为可重复性分析提供了一种方法。

      Food waste diversion and composting, either mandated or voluntary, are growing alternatives to traditional waste disposal. An acceptable source of agricultural feed and composting material, methane-emitting food residuals, including post-consumer food scraps, are diverted from landfills allowing recapture of nutrients that would otherwise be lost. However, risk associated with the transfer of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), or pathogens from food waste is not well characterized. Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, ARGs, microbial content, and associated virulence factors were successfully identified across samples from an integrated poultry farm that feeds post-consumer food waste. A total of 495 distinct bacterial species or sub-species, 50 ARGs, and 54 virulence gene sequences were found. ARG sequences related to aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance were most prominent, while most virulence gene sequences were related to transposon or integron activity. Microbiome content was distinct between on-farm samples and off-farm food waste collection sites, with a reduction in pathogens throughout the composting process. While most samples contained some level of resistance, only 3 resistance gene sequences occurred in both on- and off-farm samples and no multidrug resistance (MDR) gene sequences persisted once on the farm. The risk of incorporating novel or multi-drug resistance from human sources appears to be minimal and the practice of utilizing post-consumer food scraps as feed for poultry and composting material may not present a significant risk for human or animal health. Pearson correlation and co-inertia analysis identified a significant interaction between resistance and virulence genes (P = 0.05, RV = 0.67), indicating that ability to undergo gene transfer may be a better marker for ARG risk than presence of specific bacterial species. This work expands the knowledge of ARG fate during food scrap animal feeding and composting and provides a methodology for reproducible analysis.

       https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874062/