摘要

    一旦污染了饮用水源，抗生素抗性基因（ARG）将在饮用水系统中传播，并严重危害人类健康。因此，饮用水处理过程（DWTP）对于管理ARG带来的风险至关重要。这项研究总结了全球范围内原水和已处理饮用水中ARG的患病率。此外，还回顾了不同DWTP对ARG的去除效率和相关机制。还讨论了影响ARGs消除的非生物和生物因素。关于饮用水中存在ARGs的数据有助于得出结论，即ARGs污染普遍存在，应予以高度重视。通常，DWTP确实可以去除ARGs，但是由于生物膜中ARGs的富集，某些生物处理过程（例如生物活性炭过滤）可能会增强抗生素抗性。消毒和膜过滤优于其他DWTP的发现增加了以下建议：DWTP应采用多个消毒屏障，并保留足够的氯余量以抑制ARG在随后的分配过程中重新生长。从机理上讲，DWTP通过DNA损伤和ARGs宿主细菌的拦截获得直接的和昆虫的ARGs减少。因此，应避免由DWTP引起的细胞内ARG逃逸到细胞外环境。这篇综述为开发ARGs的高效还原技术提供了理论支持。未来的研究应着重于ARGs通过DWTP的透过性或持久性进行控制，因为它们的生物学相关性质和治疗单元中生物膜的普遍存在。

    Once contaminate the drinking water source, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) will propagate in drinking water systems and pose a serious risk to human health. Therefore, the drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) are critical to manage the risks posed by ARGs. This study summarizes the prevalence of ARGs in raw water sources and treated drinking water worldwide. In addition, the removal efficiency of ARGs and related mechanisms by different DWTPs are reviewed. Abiotic and biotic factors that affect ARGs elimination are also discussed. The data on presence of ARGs in drinking water help come to the conclusion that ARGs pollution is prevalent and deserves a high priority. Generally, DWTPs indeed achieve ARGs removal, but some biological treatment processes such as biological activated carbon filtration may promote antibiotic resistance due to the enrichment of ARGs in the biofilm. The finding that disinfection and membrane filtration are superior to other DWTPs adds weight to the advice that DWTPs should adopt multiple disinfection barriers, as well as keep sufficient chlorine residuals to inhibit re-growth of ARGs during subsequent distribution. Mechanistically, DWTPs obtain direct and inderect ARGs reduction through DNA damage and interception of host bacterias of ARGs. Thus, escaping of intracellular ARGs to extracellular environment, induced by DWTPs, should be advoided. This review provides the theoretical support for developping efficient reduction technologies of ARGs. Future study should focus on ARGs controlling in terms of transmissibility or persistence through DWTPs due to their biological related nature and ubiquitous presence of biofilm in the treatment unit.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001074220305192