摘要

    在靠近人为来源的土壤和水中已检测到抗生素抗药性细菌（ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（ARG），但人类对ARB和进入环境的ARG的影响程度尚不充分。这项研究旨在确定游客使用对国家公园环境中ARB和ARG的影响。在落基山国家公园的人类活动梯度范围内收集土壤（n = 240）和水（n = 210）样本，并分析其对强力霉素，左氧氟沙星和万古霉素具有抗性的细菌。进入采样点所需的体力劳动被用作衡量人类存在可能性的指标。使用定量聚合酶链反应分析了一部分样品的六个ARG的存在和丰度。线性回归分析表明，人为因素（包括远足努力和靠近洗手间）显着影响了土壤和水中多种抗生素的ARB丰度变化。此外，诸如水分流动，土壤质地和季节之类的生态因素也可能在ARB和ARG的检测中发挥作用。预测分析表明，人类的生存和人类活动（例如废物消除）都极大地促进了土壤和水中ARB的丰富。这项工作的结果证明，在偏远环境中，抗生素耐药性的生态比单独的人为影响更为复杂，因此有必要对ARB和ARGs进行进一步的环境表征。

    Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in soil and water in close proximity to anthropogenic sources, but the extent to which human impact plays into ARB and ARGs entering the environment is not well described. This study aimed to determine the impact of visitor use on ARB and ARGs in a national park environment. Soil (n = 240) and water (n = 210) samples were collected across a gradient of human activity in Rocky Mountain National Park and analyzed for bacteria resistant to doxycycline, levofloxacin, and vancomycin. Amount of physical effort required to access a sampling site was used as a metric for the likelihood of human presence. A subset of samples was analyzed for the presence and abundance of six ARGs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that anthropogenic factors including hiking effort and proximity to a toilet significantly contributed to the variance of the abundance of ARB for multiple antibiotics in soil and water. Additionally, ecological factors such as water movement, soil texture, and season may play a role in the detection of ARB and ARGs. Predictive analysis suggests that both human presence and human activities, such as waste elimination, significantly contributed to the abundance of ARB in soil and water. The results of this work evidence that the ecology of antibiotic resistance in remote environments is more complex than anthropogenic impact alone, necessitating further environmental characterization of ARB and ARGs.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721021926