摘要

    垃圾填埋场是最重要的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）库之一，对垃圾填埋场中的ARG污染进行了深入研究。但是，很少研究导致ARGs在垃圾填埋场中广泛传播的各种因素。在这里，我们对来自中国浙江省10个垃圾填埋场的垃圾样本中的三类抗生素，六种重金属，八种ARGs和五种移动遗传元素（MGEs）进行了定量。与磺酰胺类和大环内酯类相比，氟喹诺酮类化合物在所有垃圾样品中的浓度都高得多，在嘉兴地区的浓度为1406.85μg/ kg。在大多数垃圾填埋场中，每个16S rRNA的qnrD，qnrS，mexF，ermA，ermB，mefA，sul1和sul2的相对丰度> 10-4拷贝，表明存在高度污染的ARGs。在大多数目标抗生素与其相应的ARG之间未发现显着相关性。变异分区分析表明，MGEs可能是ARGs在垃圾填埋场中扩散的决定性因素。这项研究不仅揭示了高水平的ARGs和垃圾中普遍存在的抗生素，而且还为控制ARGs在垃圾填埋场中的扩散提供了指导。

    Landfills are one of the most important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and ARG pollution in landfills has been well investigated. However, the various factors contributing to the widespread prevalence of ARGs in landfills have rarely been explored. Here, we quantified three classes of antibiotics, six kinds of heavy metals, eight types of ARGs, and five varieties of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in refuse samples from 10 landfills in Zhejiang Province, China. Compared with sulfonamides and macrolides, fluoroquinolones were present at much higher concentrations in all refuse samples, reaching a concentration of 1406.85 μg/kg in the Jiaxing region. The relative abundances of qnrD, qnrS, mexF, ermA, ermB, mefA, sul1, and sul2 in most landfills were >10−4 copies per 16S rRNA, suggesting the presence of highly contaminated ARGs. No significant correlations between most target antibiotics and their corresponding ARGs were found. Variation partitioning analysis indicated that MGEs could be the determining factor in the spread of ARGs in landfills. This research not only reveals high levels of ARGs and the ubiquitous presence of antibiotics in refuse, but also provides guidance for controlling the spread of ARGs in landfills.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147651319314629