摘要

  自 1940 年代将抗生素引入临床实践以来，抗生素已成为动物生产不可或缺的一部分，以满足人类对动物源性食品日益增长的需求。因此，工业规模的动物生产已成为抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 进化和传播的热点，从而可能导致迫在眉睫的公共卫生危机。随着最近快速分子工具的发展，畜牧系统中 ARG 的知识得到了极大的扩展。然而，从 One Health 的角度来看，仍然缺乏对动物工业中 ARG 的全面审查和可能的缓解解决方案。在这里，我们从一个健康的角度提供了与抗菌素（抗生素和金属）使用、家畜动物和水产养殖系统中的 ARG 相关的人类健康风险的评论，以解决动物、环境和人类之间 ARG 的复杂性。具体而言，本综述涵盖 (1) 动物工业中的抗菌素使用，(2) 受选择性药物影响的动物中的 ARG，(3) 动物与人类直接/间接 ARG 传播途径，以及 (4) 缓解方法。我们强调了在动物身上使用抗菌素以促进公共和环境健康的负担，以及减缓来自畜牧业和水产养殖业的抗生素耐药性传播的紧迫需求。

  Since the introduction of antibiotics into clinical practices in the 1940s, antibiotics have become an integral part of animal production to meet the increasing human demand for animal-derived foods. As a result, industrial-scale animal production has emerged as a hotspot for the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), thereby potentially contributing to a looming public health crisis. The knowledge of ARGs in livestock systems has been greatly expanded with the recent development of rapid molecular tools. However, comprehensive reviews on ARGs in the animal industry and possible mitigation solutions are still lacking from a One Health perspective. Here we provide this review focusing on human health risks associated with the antimicrobial (antibiotic and metal) usages, ARGs in livestock animals and aquaculture systems in a One Health perspective to untangle the complexities of ARGs across animals, environments and humans. Specifically, this review covers (1) antimicrobials usages in the animal industry, (2) ARGs in animals affected by selective agents, (3) animal-to-human direct/indirect ARG transmission pathways, and (4) mitigation approaches. We highlighted the burden of using antimicrobials in animals for public and environmental health, and also the urgent needs for mitigating the spread of antibiotic resistance from the livestock and aquaculture industries.

  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10643389.2020.1777815