摘要

  抗菌素耐药性 (AMR) 是来自许多自然生态系统（包括野生动物）的细菌中的一种有据可查的现象。然而，环境中耐药细菌和抗菌素耐药基因 (ARG) 的具体决定因素和空间分布仍不完全清楚。特别是，缺乏关于人为 AMR 来源相对于其他生物和生态影响的重要性的信息。我们对入住美国中西部康复中心的大角鸮 (Bubo virginianus) 和斑鸮 (Strix varia) 进行了 AMR 横断面研究。选择性培养富集和鸟枪宏基因组测序的组合用于鉴定来自肠杆菌科的 ARG。总体而言，AMR 的流行率与过去对猛禽中耐药肠杆菌科的研究相当，在 23% 的样本中鉴定出获得性 ARG。多模型回归分析确定季节性和猫头鹰年龄是 ARG 存在可能性的重要预测因子，在温暖月份采样的鸟类比在凉爽月份采样的鸟类更有可能携带 ARG，并且在孵化年份的鸟类更有可能携带 ARG比成人含有β-内酰胺ARG。除了宿主特定的决定因素之外，ARG 阳性猫头鹰也更有可能从高农业土地覆盖的地区恢复。空间聚类分析在南部采样范围内确定了一个显着的四环素抗性基因阳性猫头鹰的高风险聚类，但这无法用任何预测变量来解释。总之，这些结果突出了 AMR 在自然环境中的复杂分布，并表明生物和人为因素在决定 AMR 在野生动物中的出现和持久性方面起着重要作用。

  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a well-documented phenomenon in bacteria from many natural ecosystems, including wild animals. However, the specific determinants and spatial distribution of resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment remain incompletely understood. In particular, information regarding the importance of anthropogenic sources of AMR relative to that of other biological and ecological influences is lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional study of AMR in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and barred owls (Strix varia) admitted to a rehabilitation center in the midwestern United States. A combination of selective culture enrichment and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to identify ARGs from Enterobacteriaceae. Overall, the prevalence of AMR was comparable to that in past studies of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in raptors, with acquired ARGs being identified in 23% of samples. Multimodel regression analyses identified seasonality and owl age to be important predictors of the likelihood of the presence of ARGs, with birds sampled during warmer months being more likely to harbor ARGs than those sampled during cooler months and with birds in their hatch year being more likely to harbor β-lactam ARGs than adults. Beyond host-specific determinants, ARG-positive owls were also more likely to be recovered from areas of high agricultural land cover. Spatial clustering analyses identified a significant high-risk cluster of tetracycline resistance gene-positive owls in the southern sampling range, but this could not be explained by any predictor variables. Taken together, these results highlight the complex distribution of AMR in natural environments and suggest that both biological and anthropogenic factors play important roles in determining the emergence and persistence of AMR in wildlife.

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7531946/