摘要

       抗微生物药物耐药性是一个典型的 One Health 问题，是 21 世纪对人类健康最严重的全球威胁之一。海鸟可能充当海洋生态系统健康自然和人为变化的哨兵，包括抗菌素耐药基因 (ARG) 的污染。我们使用实时 PCR 来鉴定和量化 6 种野生海鸟物种胃肠道微生物组中的 22 个质粒介导的 ARG，比较了巴西的人类化（费尔南多·德诺罗尼亚群岛 - FNA）和原始生物群落（罗卡斯环礁 - ROA）。在 257 只鸡中，218 只 (84.8%) 对至少一种 ARG 呈阳性。编码对四环素 (75.1%)、喹诺酮 (10.5%) 和苯酚 (10.5%) 抗性的 ARG 类别最为普遍，四环素显着高于其余类别 (p < 0.05)。基因 tet(S) (29.2%)、tet(A) (28.8%) 和 tet(B) (24.9%) 是最常见的，与其余 ARG 相比，其患病率明显更高 (p < 0.05) .与原始生物群落（分别为 p = 0.01 和 p = 0.03）相比，拟人化生物群落的磺胺类和喹诺酮类基因编码 ARGs 的流行率在统计学上显着更高（分别为 p = 0.01 和 p = 0.03），并且 sulII 基因流行率更高（p = 0.04），与人为压力一致。迁移物种（仅在 ROA 中存在）显示出统计学上显着更高的 mcr-1（多粘菌素）和 blaTEM（β内酰胺）流行率（分别为 p = 0.009 和 p = 0.02），以及 mcr-1 百分比负载（p = 0.0079）与非迁移。据我们所知，这是全球最大的基于海鸟直接检测和量化的 ARGs 调查，也是第一个评估大洋岛屿中非同种人物种的调查。这是首次在巴西的野生自由放养海鸟和世界范围内的自由放养非同种人海鸟中检测到 mcr-1。我们的研究结果显示了生物和生态因素的重要性，突出了海鸟作为人类化哨兵和 ARG 污染环境指标（即使在原始生物群落中）的作用，以及它们参与 ARG 的 One Health 流行病学链。

       Antimicrobial resistance is a quintessential One Health issue, among the most serious 21st century global threats to human health. Seabirds may act as sentinels of natural and anthropogenic changes in the marine ecosystem health, including pollution by antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). We used real time PCR to identify and quantify 22 plasmid-mediated ARGs in the gastrointestinal microbiome of six wild seabird species, comparing an anthropized (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago - FNA) and a pristine biotope (Rocas Atoll - ROA), Brazil. Of 257 birds, 218 (84.8%) were positive to at least one ARG. ARG classes encoding resistance to tetracyclines (75.1%), quinolones (10.5%) and phenicols (10.5%) were the most prevalent, with tetracyclines significantly greater than the remaining classes (p < 0.05). Genes tet(S) (29.2%), tet(A) (28.8%), and tet(B) (24.9%) were the most commonly found and had a significantly greater prevalence when compared to the remaining ARGs (p < 0.05). The anthropized biotope presented statistically significant higher prevalence of sulfonamide- and quinolone-encoding ARGs in comparison with the pristine (respectively, p = 0.01 and p = 0.03), and higher sulII gene prevalence (p = 0.04), consistent with anthropogenic pressure. Migratory species (only present in ROA) showed statistically significant higher mcr-1 (polymyxins) and blaTEM (betalactam) prevalences (respectively, p = 0.009 and p = 0.02), and mcr-1 percentage load (p = 0.0079) in comparison with non-migratory. To our knowledge, this is the largest ARGs survey based on direct detection and quantification in seabirds worldwide, and the first to evaluate non-synanthropic species in oceanic islands. This is the first detection of mcr-1 in wild free-ranging seabirds in Brazil and in free-ranging migratory non-synanthropic seabirds worldwide. Our findings show the importance of biological and ecological factors, highlighting the role of seabirds as anthropization sentinels and ARGs-pollution environmental indicators (even in a pristine biotope), and their involvement in the One Health epidemiological chain of ARGs.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720356709