摘要

       “抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 是一种相对较新的污染物。最近观察到的抗生素抗性上升与农业中抗生素的不受控制和广泛使用以及人类和动物的治疗密切相关。已经在土壤中发现了抗药性细菌、动物粪便、动物住房（如围栏、谷仓或牧场）、农场周围区域、粪便储存设施和农场动物的内脏。动物生产部门不合理使用抗生素造成的选择压力不仅促进现有耐药细菌的生存，但也开发新的耐药形式。与 ARGs 的发展和传播相关的最关键的热点之一是畜禽生产。粪便由于其丰富而被广泛用作肥料营养物质和有机物质含量。然而，研究表明其应用可能通过面部感染对人类和动物健康构成严重威胁。将 ARG 传播到可耕地和可食用作物。本综述检查了可能在动物粪便中发现的病原体、潜在致病微生物和 ARG，并通过它们暴露于土壤和植物抗性组来评估它们对人类健康的影响。与之前对该主题的研究相比，它采用了更广泛的观点，讨论了有关农场动物使用抗生素的最新数据以及这些做法对动物粪便成分的影响；它还研究了用动物粪便施肥如何改变土壤和作物微生物群落，并提出了这种变化的驱动因素及其对人类健康的影响。

       Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a relatively new type of pollutant. The rise in antibiotic resistance observed recently is closely correlated with the uncontrolled and widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture and the treatment of humans and animals. Resistant bacteria have been identified in soil, animal feces, animal housing (e.g., pens, barns, or pastures), the areas around farms, manure storage facilities, and the guts of farm animals. The selection pressure caused by the irrational use of antibiotics in animal production sectors not only promotes the survival of existing antibiotic-resistant bacteria but also the development of new resistant forms. One of the most critical hot-spots related to the development and dissemination of ARGs is livestock and poultry production. Manure is widely used as a fertilizer thanks to its rich nutrient and organic matter content. However, research indicates that its application may pose a severe threat to human and animal health by facilitating the dissemination of ARGs to arable soil and edible crops. This review examines the pathogens, potentially pathogenic microorganisms and ARGs which may be found in animal manure, and evaluates their effect on human health through their exposure to soil and plant resistomes. It takes a broader view than previous studies of this topic, discussing recent data on antibiotic use in farm animals and the effect of these practices on the composition of animal manure; it also examines how fertilization with animal manure may alter soil and crop microbiomes, and proposes the drivers of such changes and their consequences for human health.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8039466/