摘要

       我们的食品是否安全且没有抗生素和抗生素耐药性 (AR) 危机？衍生的食物垃圾 (FW) 在经过生物处理后是否会对环境造成 AR 风险？本研究以流经 200 吨垃圾/天生物处理厂的餐厅 FW 渗滤液为窗口，研究 FW 接受和处理过程中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 的归宿。在 FW 治疗期间检测到磺胺类（磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑）和喹诺酮类（环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星），而未观察到四环素、大环内酯类和氯霉素。 FW 渗滤液中出现了编码对磺胺、四环素和大环内酯的抗性的 ARG。材料流分析表明，在 FW 处理过程中，抗生素（磺胺二甲嘧啶除外）和 ARG 的总量是恒定的。大多数抗生素和 ARGs 的浓度和总量在治疗过程中都有波动，物理过程（筛选、离心、固液和油水分离）不会永久降低抗生素或 ARGs 的浓度或总量；附属废水处理厂似乎去除了磺胺类药物和大部分 ARGs 浓度和总量。重金属 Ni、Co 和 Cu 对传播抗生素浓度很重要，而 MGE 对于分配 ARG 浓度很重要。腐殖质（富里酸、亲水部分）、C 相关和 N 相关含量对于抗生素和 ARG 总量的分布至关重要。总体而言，这项研究表明人类食物可能并非不含抗生素和 ARG，而 FW 是具有各种决定因素的被低估的 AR 池。尽管如此，可以通过精心计划的日常操作进行生物处理来减轻 FW 的衍生危害。

       Is our food safe and free of the crisis of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (AR)? And will the derived food waste (FW) impose AR risk to the environment after biological treatment? This study used restaurant FW leachates flowing through a 200 tons-waste/day biological treatment plant as a window to investigate the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) during the acceptance and treatment of FW. Sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole) and quinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin) were detected during FW treatment, while tetracyclines, macrolides and chloramphenicols were not observable. ARGs encoding resistance to sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides emerged in FW leachates. Material flow analysis illustrated that the total amount of antibiotics (except sulfamethazine) and ARGs were constant during FW treatment processes. Both the concentration and total amount of most antibiotics and ARGs fluctuated during treatment, physical processes (screening, centrifugation, solid–liquid and oil–water separation) did not decrease antibiotic or ARGs concentrations or total levels permanently; the affiliated wastewater treatment plant appeared to remove sulfonamides and most ARGs concentrations and total amount. Heavy metals Ni, Co and Cu were important for disseminating antibiotics concentrations and MGEs for distributing ARGs concentrations. Humic substances (fulvic acids, hydrophilic fractions), C-associated and N-associated contents were essential for the distribution of the total amounts of antibiotics and ARGs. Overall, this study implied that human food might not be free of antibiotics and ARGs, and FW was an underestimated AR pool with various determinants. Nonetheless, derived hazards of FW could be mitigated through biological treatment with well-planned daily operations.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001074219310587