摘要

       养殖场抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的污染是一个需要引起高度重视的问题，因为耐药性传播严重，对人类健康构成进一步威胁。在本研究中，对中国东南部 16 个动物养殖场的所有相关暴露基质（粪便、土壤和水）进行采样，以确定 22 种 ARG 对五类抗生素（包括四环素、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和大环内酯类）产生抗性。 .结果表明，sul基因的传播性最强，其次是tet和erm基因。在每种类型的样本中，表达核糖体保护蛋白（tetM、tetO、tetQ、tetT 和 tetW）的 tet 基因的丰度高于表达外排泵蛋白（tetA、tetC、tetE 和 tetG）的基因。 ermB 基因在基质中的高丰度和频率应引起更多关注，因为大环内酯类是人类使用的主要药物。对于粪便，发现家禽粪便或猪粪便样本中存在相似的 ARGs 分布规则，尽管这两种类型的养殖场来源不同。同时，有趣的是，动物粪便中 tet 基因的分布规律与所有 ARG 几乎相同。对于土壤，非度量多维标度（NMDS）分析结果表明，苏北地区家禽和牛粪施肥的土壤中ARGs的污染更为严重，但在5个猪粪土壤中没有观察到显着的ARGs多样性。不同地区。此外，大多数 ARG 与环境变量（如磺胺、四环素、Cu、Zn 和总有机碳 (TOC) 的浓度）显示出显着的正相关关系。养殖场中如此多的 ARGs 的污染概况和特征可以为中国抗生素的监管和立法提供重要的基础。

       The pollution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock farms is a problem which need to be paid more attention to, due to the severe resistance dissemination and the further human health risk. In this study, all the relevant exposure matrices (manure, soil and water) of sixteen animal farms in Southeastern China were sampled to determine twenty-two ARGs conferring resistance to five major classes of antibiotics including tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. The results showed that the spread property of sul genes was most extensive and strong, followed by tet and erm genes. The abundance of tet genes expressing ribosomal protection proteins (tetM, tetO, tetQ, tetT and tetW) was higher than that expressing efflux pump proteins (tetA, tetC, tetE and tetG) in each type of samples. The high abundance and frequency of ermB gene in the matrices should be paid more attention, because macrolides is a major medicine for human use. For manures, it was found that the similar ARGs distribution rules were existing in poultry manure or porcine manure samples, despite of the different origins of these two types of livestock farms. Meanwhile, it was interesting that the distribution rule of tet genes in animal manure was nearly the same as all the ARGs. For soils, the result of nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that the pollution of ARGs in the soils fertilized by poultry and cattle manures were more substantial in northern Jiangsu, but no significant ARGs diversity was observed among porcine manured soils of five different regions. Furthermore, most ARGs showed significant positive relationships with environmental variables such as concentration of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, Cu, Zn and total organic carbon (TOC). The pollution profile and characteristics of so many ARGs in livestock farms can provide significative foundation for the regulation and legislation of antibiotics in China.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156889