摘要

       抗生素和耐抗生素细菌 (ARB) 通过城市和农业废物流进入环境，并通过直接接触耐抗生素病原体或对土壤微生物群落的选择压力对人类和牲畜健康构成潜在风险。这篇综述总结了当前关于在厌氧消化和粪便和废水残留物堆肥过程中抗生素、ARB 和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 的归宿的文献。研究表明，在嗜温厌氧消化过程中抗生素的去除差异很大，即使在同一类抗生素中也是如此。对 ARB 的研究表明，在中温条件下去除范围很广，在高温条件下几乎完全去除。使用实验室规模和农场规模的堆肥系统对 11 项不同研究中的 16 种抗生素进行的研究表明，几乎在所有情况下，堆肥都能显着降低牲畜粪便中可提取抗生素的水平。大多数抗生素的计算半衰期为 0.9 至 16 天。有更多有限的证据表明堆肥也会降低 ARB 的水平。对 ARG 命运的研究显示，在中温和高温厌氧消化过程中以及在高温堆肥过程中去除的证据不一。抗生素抗性基因是 DNA 结构，因此它们可能会持续存在直到 DNA 结构降解，但细菌可能在 DNA 完全降解之前很久就已经无法生存。额外的研究对于确定去除 ARB 的最佳厌氧消化和堆肥条件以及增加对厌氧消化和堆肥过程中 ARGs 命运的理解是有价值的。

       Antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) enter the environment through municipal and agricultural waste streams and pose a potential risk to human and livestock health through either direct exposure to antibiotic-resistant pathogens or selective pressure on the soil microbial community. This review summarizes current literature on the fate of antibiotics, ARB, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during anaerobic digestion and composting of manure and wastewater residuals. Studies have shown that removal of antibiotics varies widely during mesophilic anaerobic digestion, even within the same class of antibiotics. Research on ARB shows a wide range of removal under mesophilic conditions, with nearly complete removal under thermophilic conditions. Research on 16 antibiotics in 11 different studies using both bench-scale and farm-scale composting systems demonstrates that composting significantly reduces levels of extractable antibiotics in livestock manure in nearly all cases. Calculated half-lives ranged from 0.9 to 16 d for most antibiotics. There is more limited evidence that levels of ARB are also reduced by composting. Studies of the fate of ARGs show mixed evidence for removal during both mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion and during thermophilic composting. Antibiotic resistance genes are DNA structures, so they may persist until the DNA structure is degraded, yet the bacterium may have been rendered nonviable long before the DNA is completely degraded. Additional research would be of value to determine optimum anaerobic digestion and composting conditions for removal of ARB and to increase understanding of the fate of ARGs during anaerobic digestion and composting.

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2134/jeq2015.05.0256