摘要

       垃圾渗滤液可能是新出现的污染物 (EC) 和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 进入环境的重要来源。本研究首次提供了新加坡 16 年历史的封闭垃圾填埋场的原始渗滤液中特定 EC 和 ARG 的出现情况。在研究的 ECs 中，对乙酰氨基酚 (ACT)、双酚 A (BPA)、氯贝丁酸 (CA)、咖啡因 (CF)、克罗米通 (CTMT)、双氯芬酸 (DCF)、N,N-二乙基间甲苯甲酰胺 (DEET)、吉非贝齐 (GFZ)、林可霉素 (LIN)、水杨酸 (SA) 和磺胺二甲嘧啶 (SMZ) 是原始垃圾渗滤液中最常检测到的化合物。原始垃圾填埋渗滤液中检测到的 EC 浓度变化很大，从低于定量限到 473,977 ng/L，具体取决于化合物。在这项研究中，在原始垃圾渗滤液中检测到 I 类整合子 (intl1) 基因和 10 个 ARG。磺胺抗性（sul1、sul2 和 dfrA）、氨基糖苷类抗性 (aac6)、四环素抗性 (tetO)、喹诺酮抗性 (qnrA) 和 intl1 普遍存在于原始垃圾渗滤液中。其他抗性基因，如β-内酰胺抗性（blaNMD1、blaKPC和blaCTX）和大环内酯-林可酰胺抗性（ermB）也被检测到，检测频率<50%。还评估了通过全面混合人工湿地 (CW) 去除目标 ECs 和 ARGs。在所研究的混合 CW 系统中，绝大多数 EC 表现出出色的去除效率（> 90%）。还发现这种混合 CW 系统可有效减少几种 ARG（intl1、sul1、sul2 和 qnrA）。曝气池和芦苇床似乎是混合 CW 中最重要的处理单元，用于从渗滤液中去除大部分 EC。

       Landfill leachate could be a significant source of emerging contaminants (ECs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment. This study provides the first information on the occurrence of selected ECs and ARGs in raw leachate from 16-year old closed landfill site in Singapore. Among the investigated ECs, acetaminophen (ACT), bisphenol A (BPA), clofibric acid (CA), caffeine (CF), crotamiton (CTMT), diclofenac (DCF), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), gemfibrozil (GFZ), lincomycin (LIN), salicylic acid (SA), and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were the most frequently detected compounds in raw landfill leachate. The concentrations of detected ECs in raw landfill leachate varied significantly, from below quantification limit to 473,977 ng/L, depending on the compound. In this study, Class I integron (intl1) gene and ten ARGs were detected in raw landfill leachate. Sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2, and dfrA), aminoglycoside resistance (aac6), tetracycline resistance (tetO), quinolone resistance (qnrA), and intl1 were ubiquitously present in raw landfill leachate. Other resistance genes, such as beta-lactam resistance (blaNMD1, blaKPC, and blaCTX) and macrolide-lincosamide resistance (ermB) were also detected, detection frequency of <50%. The removal of target ECs and ARGs by a full-scale hybrid constructed wetland (CW) was also evaluated. The vast majority of ECs exhibited excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) in the investigated hybrid CW system. This hybrid CW system was also found to be effective in the reduction of several ARGs (intl1, sul1, sul2, and qnrA). Aeration lagoons and reed beds appeared to be the most important treatment units of the hybrid CW for removing the majority of ECs from the leachate.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135417303640