摘要

       抗生素在人类、兽医和农业用途中的大量使用导致它们不断释放到环境中。与抗生素一起，抗生素抗性细菌 (ARB) 和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 被引入废水中。污水处理厂 (WWTP) 被认为是环境中抗生素抗性传播的可能热点，因为它们为 ARB 增殖以及 ARG 在不同微生物之间的水平转移提供了便利的条件。事实上，在不同国家的污水处理厂中都检测到了赋予所有类别抗生素抗性的基因以及移动遗传元件 (MGE)，如质粒、转座子、噬菌体、整合子。似乎采用传统处理工艺的污水处理厂能够显着减少 ARB，但在去除 ARG 方面效率不高。除常规废水处理外，实施先进的废水清洁工艺是保护水生环境的重要步骤。对污水处理厂系统中 ARB 和 ARG 的存在和归宿的兴趣日益浓厚，导致该领域的知识在过去几年中急剧增加。本文的主要目的是收集和整理有关 ARG 的可用数据，这些数据通常在未经处理的污水、处理过的废水或活性污泥中检测到。考虑了对抗菌治疗中常用的抗生素的耐药性，这些抗生素属于主要类别，如β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、甲氧苄啶和四环素类。多药外排基因的存在也包括在本文中。抗生素的出现可能会促进 ARB 和 ARGs 的选择。由于考虑到影响问题的所有方面来讨论这个问题很重要，因此还介绍了污水处理厂进水和出水中检测到的抗生素水平。

       The intensive use of antibiotics for human, veterinary and agricultural purposes, results in their continuous release into the environment. Together with antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are introduced into wastewater. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are believed to be probable hotspots for antibiotic resistance dissemination in the environment as they offer convenient conditions for ARB proliferation as well as for horizontal transfer of ARGs among different microorganisms. In fact, genes conferring resistance to all classes of antibiotics together with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, integrons are detected in WWTPs in different countries. It seems that WWTPs with conventional treatment processes are capable of significant reduction of ARB but are not efficient in ARG removal. Implementation of advanced wastewater cleaning processes in addition to a conventional wastewater treatment is an important step to protect the aquatic environment. Growing interest in presence and fate of ARB and ARGs in WWTP systems resulted in the fact that knowledge in this area has increased staggeringly in the past few years. The main aim of the article is to collect and organize available data on ARGs, that are commonly detected in raw sewage, treated wastewater or activated sludge. Resistance to the antibiotics usually used in antibacterial therapy belonging to main classes like beta-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, trimethoprim and tetracyclines was taken into account. The presence of multidrug efflux genes is also included in this paper. The occurrence of antibiotics may promote the selection of ARB and ARGs. As it is important to discuss the problem considering all aspects that influence it, the levels of antibiotics detected in influent and effluent of WWTPs were also presented.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719340008