摘要
      牛粪厌氧消化（AD）过程中细胞内抗生素抗性基因（iARGs）、细胞外ARGs（eARGs）和噬菌体ARGs的命运尚不清楚。因此，研究了牛粪中温性AD（MAD）和嗜热性AD（TAD）过程中iARGs、eARGs和bRGs的特性。TAD后iARGs的绝对丰度下降了69.82%。MAD和TAD后，eARGs的总绝对丰度分别增加了63.5倍和67.6倍，而bRGs的绝对丰度增加了47.60%和59.22%。eARGs主要来源于厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门的非特异性裂解，而噬菌体的宿主范围很广。iARGs、eARGs和bRGs的变化受微生物宿主的影响，但也直接受物理化学因素（如pH）的驱动。总的来说，这项研究的结果表明，在牛粪AD期间可能存在eARGs和bRGs传播的风险。
Abstract
The fate of intracellular antibiotic resistance genes (iARGs), extracellular ARGs (eARGs) and bacteriophage ARGs (bARGs) during anaerobic digestion (AD) of cow manure is unclear. Thus, the characteristics of iARGs, eARGs and bARGs during mesophilic AD (MAD) and thermophilic AD (TAD) of cow manure were investigated. The absolute abundances of iARGs decreased by 69.82% after TAD. After MAD and TAD, the total absolute abundances of eARGs increased by 63.5 times and 67.6 times, respectively, whereas those of the bARGs increased by 47.60% and 59.22%. eARGs were mainly derived from the non-specific lysis of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, while bacteriophages had a wide range of hosts. The variations in iARGs, eARGs and bARGs were affected by the microbial hosts but also directly driven by physicochemical factors (e.g., pH). Overall, the findings of this study revealed that there may be a risk of eARGs and bARGs disseminating during the AD of cow manure.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852422003364