摘要
      抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）是重要的环境污染物。尽管如此，对抗生素耐药性传播的演变、传播和传播的驱动因素仍知之甚少。ARB和ARGs的丰度在受人类影响的地区通常会升高，尤其是在接收粪便废物的环境中，或者在存在复杂的化学污染物混合物（如药品和个人护理产品）的环境中。在强烈的人为影响下，自复制、突变、水平基因转移和对不同环境条件的适应有助于ARB在栖息地的持久性和增殖。我们的综述讨论了化学污染物和ARB及其各自基因之间的相互作用，特别是在共现、潜在的生物刺激和选择性压力效应方面，并概述了通过现有的人为和自然屏障进行缓解的情况。还讨论了改善环境抗生素耐药性对人类健康风险评估的证据和策略。环境毒理学化学2023；00:1–16.©2022 SETAC
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are important environmental contaminants. Nonetheless, what drives the evolution, spread, and transmission of antibiotic resistance dissemination is still poorly understood. The abundance of ARB and ARGs is often elevated in human-impacted areas, especially in environments receiving fecal wastes, or in the presence of complex mixtures of chemical contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Self-replication, mutation, horizontal gene transfer, and adaptation to different environmental conditions contribute to the persistence and proliferation of ARB in habitats under strong anthropogenic influence. Our review discusses the interplay between chemical contaminants and ARB and their respective genes, specifically in reference to co-occurrence, potential biostimulation, and selective pressure effects, and gives an overview of mitigation by existing man-made and natural barriers. Evidence and strategies to improve the assessment of human health risks due to environmental antibiotic resistance are also discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1–16. © 2022 SETAC

https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/etc.5555