摘要
      有机材料改良剂已被证明可以改变土壤抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）谱，这可能通过食物链威胁人类健康，但不同有机材料对水稻土中ARGs的影响和机制的研究较少。本研究采用常规化学施肥（NPK）和普通有机材料改良剂[稻草（RS）、猪粪（SM）和生物炭（BC）]进行田间试验，探讨其效果和机理。在具有不同有机物质改良剂的土壤样本中，总共发现了84种独特的ARG，它们赋予了对主要抗生素类的耐药性。与NPK相比，SM显著增加了ARGs的检测数量和相对丰度。在BC中观察到比NPK更高的ARG检测数量，而BC的ARG相对丰度低于NPK。与NPK相比，RS中检测到的数量减少，尽管丰度没有显著差异。与其他处理相比，在BC中观察到更高的可移动遗传元素（MGE）检测数量和相对丰度，表明水平基因转移的潜力更大。总ARGs和MGE的相对丰度与细菌丰度之间存在显著的正相关关系。网络分析表明，MGE和细菌群落在形成ARGs图谱中发挥着重要作用。Mantel检验和冗余分析（RDA）表明，土壤碳、氮和C/N是ARGs剖面的主要化学驱动因素。在应用SM和生物炭时，应考虑ARGs扩散到食物链的风险，这分别改变了ARGs和MGE的分布。需要研究预处理措施，以减少ARGs在稻田中的传播。
Abstract
The organic material amendment has been proven to change the soil antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) profile, which may threaten human health through the food chain, but the effects and mechanisms of different organic materials on ARGs in paddy soils are less explored. In this study, a field experiment was set up with the treatments of conventional chemical fertilization (NPK) and common organic material amendment [rice straw (RS), swine manure (SM), and biochar (BC)] to explore the effects and mechanisms. In total, 84 unique ARGs were found across the soil samples with different organic material amendments, and they conferred resistance to the major antibiotic classes. Compared with NPK, SM significantly increased the detected number and relative abundance of ARGs. A higher detected number of ARGs than NPK was observed in BC, whereas BC had a lower relative abundance of ARGs than NPK. Compared with NPK, a detected number decrease was observed in RS, although abundance showed no significant differences. Compared with other treatments, a higher detected number and relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were observed in BC, indicating a higher potential for horizontal gene transfer. There were significantly positive relationships between the relative abundances of total ARGs and MGEs and the bacterial abundance. The network analysis suggested the important role of MGEs and bacterial communities in shaping the ARGs profile. Mantel test and redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that soil carbon, nitrogen, and C/N were the major chemical drivers of the ARGs profile. The risk of ARGs spreading to the food chain should be considered when applying SM and biochar, which shifted the ARGs and MGEs profiles, respectively. Pre-treatment measures need to be studied to reduce the dissemination of ARGs in paddy fields.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9904388/