摘要

废水是城市环境中最重要的抗生素耐药性库。碳源和其他营养物质，各种可能的电子受体如氧或硝酸盐，细菌可以吸附在其上的颗粒的存在或相当稳定的pH和温度是有利于这种微生物显着多样性的条件的例子奇特的栖息地。废水微生物群汇集了环境，人类和动物来源的细菌，许多含有抗生素抗性基因（ARG）。尽管许多因素对形成这种微生物组有影响，但主要是在复杂的相互作用中，特定的潜在选择压力（如抗微生物残留物或金属）的影响被认为是决定废水处理过程中抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和ARGs命运的决定因素。本文旨在丰富关于ARB和ARG在城市污水处理厂（UWTP）生态学的讨论，旨在为废水工程师或其他专业人士提供指导，他们可能有兴趣研究或优化废水处理以去除ARB和ARGs 。为了实现这一目标，本文概述并讨论了：i）可能影响ARB和ARGs命运的废水系统和/或处理的复杂性方面; ii）可用于探索废水生境中的整体ARB和ARG的抗体组的方法;和iii）针对其提出的处理模式的一些常见问题。本文旨在探讨ARB和ARG在UWTPs中的行为，因为每个工厂都是一个独特的系统，可能需要一个特定的程序来最大限度地减少ARB和ARGs。

Wastewater is among the most important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance in urban environments. The abundance of carbon sources and other nutrients, a variety of possible electron acceptors such as oxygen or nitrate, the presence of particles onto which bacteria can adsorb, or a fairly stable pH and temperature are examples of conditions favouring the remarkable diversity of microorganisms in this peculiar habitat. The wastewater microbiome brings together bacteria of environmental, human and animal origins, many harbouring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Although numerous factors contribute, mostly in a complex interplay, for shaping this microbiome, the effect of specific potential selective pressures such as antimicrobial residues or metals, is supposedly determinant to dictate the fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs during wastewater treatment. This paper aims to enrich the discussion on the ecology of ARB&ARGs in urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs), intending to serve as a guide for wastewater engineers or other professionals, who may be interested in studying or optimizing the wastewater treatment for the removal of ARB&ARGs. Fitting this aim, the paper overviews and discusses: i) aspects of the complexity of the wastewater system and/or treatment that may affect the fate of ARB&ARGs; ii) methods that can be used to explore the resistome, meaning the whole ARB&ARGs, in wastewater habitats; and iii) some frequently asked questions for which are proposed addressing modes. The paper aims at contributing to explore how ARB&ARGs behave in UWTPs having in mind that each plant is a unique system that will probably need a specific procedure to maximize ARB&ARGs removal.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412017322328