摘要
      近几十年来，抗生素耐药性细菌（ARB）出现并在世界各地的人类和动物中传播。在这项研究中，我们评估了巴西两家医院未经处理的污水中ARB和抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的存在。将污水等分试样接种在含有抗生素的选择性培养基中。通过MALDI-TOF进行细菌鉴定，并通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）评估ARGs。从两家医院共分离出208株菌株（H1=117株；H2=91株）。分离到多种肠杆菌属和非肠杆菌属，其中大多数为肠杆菌属（13.0%）、奇异变形杆菌（10.1%）和肺炎克雷伯菌（9.6%）。blaTEM和blaKPC是最常见的β-内酰胺酶编码基因，主要的大环内酯类耐药基因为mph（A）和mel。许多物种具有三个四环素抗性基因（tetD，tetM，tetA），strB是主要的氨基糖苷类抗性基因。两株溶血性葡萄球菌具有mecA基因。未发现喹诺酮类、粘菌素和万古霉素耐药基因。这项研究表明，医院未经处理的污水是ARB和ARG的主要传播者。需要对医院污水处理进行严格监测，以避免这些基因在环境中的细菌之间传播。
Abstract
In recent decades, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) emerged and spread among humans and animals worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the presence of ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the raw sewage of two hospitals in Brazil. Sewage aliquots were inoculated in a selective medium with antibiotics. Bacterial identification was performed by MALDI-TOF and ARGs were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 208 strains from both hospitals were isolated (H1 = 117; H2 = 91). A wide variety of Enterobacterales and non-Enterobacterales species were isolated and most of them were Enterobacter spp. (13.0%), Proteus mirabilis (10.1%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.6%). blaTEM and blaKPC were the most frequent β-lactamase-encoding genes and the predominant macrolide resistance genes were mph(A) and mel. Many species had the three tetracycline resistance genes (tetD, tetM, tetA) and strB was the prevalent aminoglycoside resistance gene. Two Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains had the mecA gene. Quinolone, colistin, and vancomycin resistance genes were not found. This study showed that hospital raw sewage is a great ARB and ARG disseminator. Strict monitoring of hospital sewage treatment is needed to avoid the spread of these genes among bacteria in the environment.

https://iwaponline.com/wst/article/87/1/239/92774/Diversity-of-bacteria-carrying-antibiotic