摘要

大量使用制药（VPs）以保护人类健康，减少疾病并促进农场牲畜和家禽的生长。由于它们的使用模式，它们具有抵达土壤环境的潜力，在土壤环境中它们产生抗性并可能影响土壤生态系统服务。抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）引起的环境污染和健康风险已成为世界各国的迫切问题。本章全面概述了土壤中抗生素和ARG的发生情况。详细讨论了抗生素如光降解，生物修复，化学处理等的命运。综述了ARGs向土壤生态系统转移的发生及其机制（水平和垂直）。我们回顾了抗生素污染或抗生素抗性基因对人类健康和环境微生物种群演变可能产生的影响。本章可能对高校教师，学生和管理当局的管理有所帮助，并为新出现的环境污染制定政策。

Pharmaceuticals (VPs) are used in large amounts to protect human health and reduce diseases and promote growth for livestock and poultry in farms. Due to their use pattern, they possess a potential for reaching the soil environment where they develop resistance and can impact the soil ecosystem services. The environmental pollution and health risks caused by the antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have become urgent issues all over the world. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the occurence of antibiotics and ARGs in soil. The fate of antibiotics such as photodegradation, bioremediation, chemical treatments, etc., was discussed in detail. ARGs’ occurrence and their mechanism (horizontal and vertical) of transfer into soil ecosystem were reviewed. We review the impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and the evolution of environmental microbial populations. The chapter could be helpful to university teachers, students, and management authorities for the management and to develop the policy for the new emerging environmental contaminates.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-47744-2_4