摘要
      抗生素耐药性是一个严重的问题，威胁着现代医学的成就。金属纳米粒子由于对细菌细胞的毒性和金属诱导的共选择机制，可能促进抗性基因的水平转移。在本研究中，我们研究了ZnO纳米颗粒对大肠杆菌DH5α实验室菌株的毒性和土壤微生物群落的丰度。此外，还评估了ZnO纳米粒子在实验室和土壤条件下对抗性基因转移的影响。浓度高达10 mg L−1的ZnO纳米颗粒使大肠杆菌细胞的存活率降低了14.6%，转化频率提高了近1.8倍。在土壤中，浓度为1000 mg kg−1的ZnO纳米颗粒会影响细菌的总丰度，导致16S rRNA基因拷贝数下降。我们没有检测到11个靶抗生素抗性基因（sul1、sul2、imp2、imp5、blaCTX-M、ermB、mefA、strB、aadA1、tetA1、tetB）的存在，这些基因在用ZnO纳米颗粒处理的土壤中赋予了对五类抗生素的抗性。在用ZnO纳米颗粒处理的土壤微生物群落中没有观察到接合频率升高。然而，czcA基因拷贝数的增加表明携带金属抗性的遗传元素的传播。数据显示，金属纳米颗粒促进抗生素和金属抗性基因的传播。本研究的广泛含义是，不可避免的纳米颗粒环境污染可能导致抗生素耐药性的进一步传播，并深刻影响公众健康。
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a severe problem that threatens the achievements of modern medicine. Metallic nanoparticles may promote the horizontal transfer of resistance genes due to their toxicity to bacterial cells and metal-induced co-selection mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to E. coli DH5α laboratory strain and the abundance of soil microbial community. Moreover, the influence of ZnO nanoparticles on resistance gene transfer in laboratory and soil conditions was evaluated. ZnO nanoparticles at concentrations up to 10 mg L−1 reduced the survival of E. coli cells by 14.6% and increased the transformation frequency by almost 1.8 fold. In soil, ZnO nanoparticles at a concentration of 1000 mg kg−1 affected the total abundance of bacteria, causing a decrease in the 16S rRNA gene copy number. We did not detect the presence of 11 target antibiotic resistance genes (sul1, sul2, imp2, imp5, blaCTX-M, ermB, mefA, strB, aadA1, tetA1, tetB), which confer resistance to five classes of antibiotics in soil treated with ZnO nanoparticles. No elevated conjugation frequency was observed in soil microbial communities treated with ZnO nanoparticles. However, the increase in czcA gene copies indicates the spread of genetic elements harbouring metal resistance. The data shows that metallic nanoparticles promote the spread of antibiotic and metal resistance genes. The broad implication of the present research is that the inevitable nanoparticles environmental pollution may lead to the further dissemination of antibiotic resistance and profoundly influence public health.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935123002128