摘要

许多地区的常规水资源不足以满足不断增长的人口的需求。由于周期性的天气周期，干旱和气候变化，全球的水资源压力已经增加，包括南加利福尼亚州，这些区域将饮用水和非饮用水的废水再利用结合起来。奥兰治县水区（OCWD）先进水净化设施（AWPF）是一个高度工程化的系统，旨在从市政废水源处理和生产高达每天1亿加仑（MGD）的纯净水，用于饮用再利用。常规设施微生物水质分析仅限于此类和类似设施的标准指标。鉴于最近在高通量DNA测序技术方面取得的进展，现在可以对水样中的群落进行完整的微生物分析。通过使用16S / 18S rRNA基因测序，宏基因组和元转录组学测序以及高度准确的鉴定方法以及16S rRNA基因qPCR，我们描述了整个设施中的总微生物群落的详细视图。处理序列阶段水的总细菌负荷从源，未氯化废水进料3.02×106拷贝到处理后5.49×101拷贝的16S rRNA基因/ mL（包括微滤，反渗透和紫外线/高级）氧化）。微滤和反渗透处理后微生物多样性和负荷降低了几个数量级，降至几乎不可检测的水平，与源水中检测到的生物量相比，更接近分子级实验室水的控制。抗生素抗性基因和病毒的存在也大大减少。总体而言，实现了系统设计性能，并且发现了全面的微生物群落分析，以便能够更完整地表征水/废水微生物特征。

Conventional water resources are not sufficient in many regions to meet the needs of growing populations. Due to cyclical weather cycles, drought, and climate change, water stress has increased worldwide including in Southern California, which serves as a model for regions that integrate reuse of wastewater for both potable and non-potable use. The Orange County Water District (OCWD) Advanced Water Purification Facility (AWPF) is a highly engineered system designed to treat and produce up to 100 million gallons per day (MGD) of purified water from a municipal wastewater source for potable reuse. Routine facility microbial water quality analysis is limited to standard indicators at this and similar facilities. Given recent advances in high throughput DNA sequencing techniques, complete microbial profiling of communities in water samples is now possible. By using 16S/18S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing coupled to a highly accurate identification method along with 16S rRNA gene qPCR, we describe a detailed view of the total microbial community throughout the facility. The total bacterial load of the water at stages of the treatment train ranged from 3.02 × 106 copies in source, unchlorinated wastewater feed to 5.49 × 101 copies of 16S rRNA gene/mL after treatment (consisting of microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet/advanced oxidation). Microbial diversity and load decreased by several orders of magnitude after microfiltration and reverse osmosis treatment, falling to almost non-detectable levels that more closely resembled controls of molecular grade laboratory water than the biomass detected in the source water. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes and viruses was also greatly reduced. Overall, system design performance was achieved, and comprehensive microbial community analysis was found to enable a more complete characterization of the water/wastewater microbial signature.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416489