摘要

人类有意无意地将抗菌化学品引入建筑物，导致室内灰尘中广泛存在化合物，包括三氯生，三氯卡班和对羟基苯甲酸酯。同时，耐药性感染继续增加，引起人们担心建筑物起抗性微生物的储存或甚至选择抗性微生物。对这些假设的支持很有限，因为描述抗菌药物与室内微生物群落之间关系的数据很少。我们将液相色谱 - 同位素稀释串联质谱与运动设施收集的粉尘的宏基因组鸟枪测序相结合，以表征室内抗菌化学品与微生物群落之间的关系。三氯生和三氯卡班的水平升高，但不是对羟基苯甲酸酯，与不同的室内微生物组有关。高三氯生物含量的粉尘含有增加的革兰氏阳性物种，具有不同的抗药性能力，其丰田基因组富含编码渗透胁迫反应，外排泵调节，脂质代谢和跨细胞膜的物质转运的基因;这种三氯生相关的功能变化已在实验室文化中记录，但尚未从建筑物中记录。抗生素抗性细菌分离株从除一个设施外的所有设施培养，并且在具有非常高的三氯生水平的建筑物中的抗性通常增加，表明人类遭遇可存活的抗药性细菌与局部杀生物剂条件之间的联系。这种表征揭示了抗菌药物和室内微生物组之间的复杂关系：一些化学物质引发效应，而其他化学物质则不然，并且没有单一的功能或抗性因子解释了化学 - 微生物的关联。这些结果表明，人为化学物质影响建筑物及其周围居民的微生物系统，强调了确定最重要的室内，室外和宿主相关抗菌化学 - 抗蚀剂相互作用来源的迫切需求。重要性无处不在使用抗菌化学品可能会产生不良后果，特别是对建筑物中的微生物。这项研究表明，室内灰尘中微生物的分类和功能与抗菌化学品密切相关 - 比建筑物的任何其他特征更为重要。此外，我们确定了粉尘中抗菌化学物质浓度与可培养细菌之间的联系，这些细菌对三种临床相关的抗生素具有交叉耐药性。这些研究结果表明，人类可能通过添加和去除特定的抗菌化学物质来影响室内发现的微生物物种和基因。

Humans purposefully and inadvertently introduce antimicrobial chemicals into buildings, resulting in widespread compounds, including triclosan, triclocarban, and parabens, in indoor dust. Meanwhile, drug-resistant infections continue to increase, raising concerns that buildings function as reservoirs of, or even select for, resistant microorganisms. Support for these hypotheses is limited largely since data describing relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbial communities are scant. We combined liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry with metagenomic shotgun sequencing of dust collected from athletic facilities to characterize relationships between indoor antimicrobial chemicals and microbial communities. Elevated levels of triclosan and triclocarban, but not parabens, were associated with distinct indoor microbiomes. Dust of high triclosan content contained increased Gram-positive species with diverse drug resistance capabilities, whose pangenomes were enriched for genes encoding osmotic stress responses, efflux pump regulation, lipid metabolism, and material transport across cell membranes; such triclosan-associated functional shifts have been documented in laboratory cultures but not yet from buildings. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates were cultured from all but one facility, and resistance often increased in buildings with very high triclosan levels, suggesting links between human encounters with viable drug-resistant bacteria and local biocide conditions. This characterization uncovers complex relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbiomes: some chemicals elicit effects, whereas others may not, and no single functional or resistance factor explained chemical-microbe associations. These results suggest that anthropogenic chemicals impact microbial systems in or around buildings and their occupants, highlighting an emergent need to identify the most important indoor, outdoor, and host-associated sources of antimicrobial chemical-resistome interactions. IMPORTANCE The ubiquitous use of antimicrobial chemicals may have undesired consequences, particularly on microbes in buildings. This study shows that the taxonomy and function of microbes in indoor dust are strongly associated with antimicrobial chemicals-more so than any other feature of the buildings. Moreover, we identified links between antimicrobial chemical concentrations in dust and culturable bacteria that are cross-resistant to three clinically relevant antibiotics. These findings suggest that humans may be influencing the microbial species and genes that are found indoors through the addition and removal of particular antimicrobial chemicals.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574558