摘要

塑料垃圾被广泛认为是全球环境威胁，不良的管理和处置导致环境水平的提高。最近关注的是塑料从宏观到微观甚至尺寸小于100纳米的纳米尺寸颗粒的退化。在纳米尺度下，塑料难以检测并且可以在空气，土壤和水隔室中运输。虽然已经研究了塑料碎片对海洋和淡水及生物体的影响，但是在陆地和地下环境中塑料的载荷，转变，运输和命运在很大程度上被忽视了。在本评论中，我们首先介绍了不同环境隔室中塑料的估算负荷。我们还提供了对纳米塑料（NP）和微塑性（MP）聚集，沉积和环境中污染物协同转运的当前知识的批判性回顾。确定并严格分析影响自然地下环境中聚集和沉积的重要因素。讨论了影响污染物吸附在塑料碎片上的因素，并且我们展示了聚乙烯通常表现出比其他塑料类型更大的吸附能力。最后，我们强调了需要解决的关键知识差距，通过了解它们的流动性，聚集行为及其增强其他污染物运输的潜力，提高我们预测与环境中普遍存在的污染物相关的风险的能力。

Plastic litter is widely acknowledged as a global environmental threat, and poor management and disposal lead to increasing levels in the environment. Of recent concern is the degradation of plastics from macro- to micro- and even to nanosized particles smaller than 100 nm in size. At the nanoscale, plastics are difficult to detect and can be transported in air, soil, and water compartments. While the impact of plastic debris on marine and fresh waters and organisms has been studied, the loads, transformations, transport, and fate of plastics in terrestrial and subsurface environments are largely overlooked. In this Critical Review, we first present estimated loads of plastics in different environmental compartments. We also provide a critical review of the current knowledge vis-à-vis nanoplastic (NP) and microplastic (MP) aggregation, deposition, and contaminant cotransport in the environment. Important factors that affect aggregation and deposition in natural subsurface environments are identified and critically analyzed. Factors affecting contaminant sorption onto plastic debris are discussed, and we show how polyethylene generally exhibits a greater sorption capacity than other plastic types. Finally, we highlight key knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to improve our ability to predict the risks associated with these ubiquitous contaminants in the environment by understanding their mobility, aggregation behavior and their potential to enhance the transport of other pollutants.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29265806