摘要

大规模和小规模塑料垃圾造成的水污染是一个日益受到关注的领域。大塑性垃圾是水生野生动物众所周知的威胁;然而，微观尺寸和纳米尺寸塑料颗粒对生物健康的影响尚不清楚。小规模的塑料颗粒很容易被各种水生生物摄入，并可能干扰其免疫系统;因此，作者使用淡水鱼类作为纳米塑料暴露的模式生物。分别对血浆中聚苯乙烯（41.0nm）和聚碳酸酯（158.7nm）纳米塑料颗粒（PSNPs和PCNPs）进行了表征，研究了PSNPs和PCNPs对黑头呆鱼幼虫免疫系统的影响。使用一组中性粒细胞功能测定法测定PSNP和PCNP对中性粒细胞功能的体外作用。与未处理的对照相比，嗜中性粒细胞暴露于PSNP或PCNP导致初级颗粒脱粒和中性粒细胞胞外捕获物释放显着增加，而氧化爆发受影响较小。本研究概述了鱼类固有免疫系统的细胞成分对聚苯乙烯和聚碳酸酯纳米粒子/聚集体的应激反应，并表明它们可能干扰鱼群的抗病性。

Water pollution with large-scale and small-scale plastic litter is an area of growing concern. Macro-plastic litter is a well-known threat to aquatic wildlife; however, the effects of micro-sized and nano-sized plastic particles on the health of organisms are not well understood. Small-scale plastic particles can easily be ingested by various aquatic organisms and potentially interfere with their immune system; therefore, the authors used a freshwater fish species as a model organism for nanoplastic exposure. Characterization of polystyrene (41.0 nm) and polycarbonate (158.7 nm) nanoplastic particles (PSNPs and PCNPs, respectively) in plasma was performed, and the effects of PSNPs and PCNPs on the innate immune system of fathead minnow were investigated. In vitro effects of PSNPs and PCNPs on neutrophil function were determined using a battery of neutrophil function assays. Exposure of neutrophils to PSNPs or PCNPs caused significant increases in degranulation of primary granules and neutrophil extracellular trap release compared to a nontreated control, whereas oxidative burst was less affected. The present study outlines the stress response of the cellular component of fish innate immune system to polystyrene and polycarbonate nanoparticles/aggregates and indicates their potential to interfere with disease resistance in fish populations. 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207313