摘要

污水处理厂的污水，污泥和粪便是整个环境隔室（土壤，沉积物，地表和地下水）中抗生素污染的主要来源。抗生素排放到环境中的主要后果之一可能是细菌对抗生素的耐药性。在这篇综述中，四组抗生素（四环素类，氟喹诺酮类，大环内酯类和磺胺类药物）的重点是它们在污泥和粪便中的广泛传播以及它们对几种目标物种和非目标物种的影响。污泥和粪便中抗生素浓度介于1至136,000μgkg-1干物质之间，对人类健康和环境构成潜在风险。污泥或粪肥堆肥是一种众所周知的有机物质稳定技术，可有效降低抗生素水平以及抗生素抗性基因。在污泥或粪肥堆肥过程中，抗生素的去除率在17-100％之间。对于大多数研究的抗生素，推断的计算半衰期在1-105天之间。然而，这些去除通常基于浓度的测量而不考虑物质去除（缺乏物质平衡），并且很少有研究强调去除机制（生物/非生物，结合残留物形成）和潜在的存在或多或少危险转化产品。

关于污泥或粪肥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因命运的少数研究结果仍然不一致，表明最终产品中浓度的降低或增加。

无论是抗生素还是抗生素抗性基因，都需要进行额外的研究，收集化学，微生物和毒理学数据，以更好地了解隐含的去除机制（化学，物理和生物），两种成分和环境基质（有机，无机轴承相）之间的相互作用。以及如何优化堆肥过程以减少抗生素和抗生素抗性基因排放到环境中。

Wastewater treatment plant effluent, sludge and manure are the main sources of contamination by antibiotics in the whole environment compartments (soil, sediment, surface and underground water). One of the major consequences of the antibiotics discharge into the environment could be the prevalence of a bacterial resistance to antibiotic. In this review, four groups of antibiotics (Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides and Sulfonamides) were focused for the background on their wide spread occurrence in sludge and manure and for their effects on several target and non-target species. The antibiotics concentrations range between 1 and 136,000 μg kg−1 of dry matter in sludge and manure, representing a potential risk for the human health and the environment. Composting of sludge or manure is a well-known and used organic matter stabilization technology, which could be effective in reducing the antibiotics levels as well as the antibiotic resistance genes. During sludge or manure composting, the antibiotics removals range between 17–100%. The deduced calculated half-lives range between 1–105 days for most of the studied antibiotics. Nevertheless, these removals are often based on the measurement of concentration without considering the matter removal (lack of matter balance) and very few studies are emphasized on the removal mechanisms (biotic/abiotic, bound residues formation) and the potential presence of more or less hazardous transformation products.

The results from the few studies on the fate of the antibiotic resistance genes during sludge or manure composting are still inconsistent showing either decrease or increase of their concentration in the final product.

Whether for antibiotic or antibiotic resistance genes, additional researches are needed, gathering chemical, microbiological and toxicological data to better understand the implied removal mechanisms (chemical, physical and biological), the interactions between both components and the environmental matrices (organic, inorganic bearing phases) and how composting process could be optimized to reduce the discharge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes into the environment.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389418306459