摘要

全球环境中抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的日益流行归因于人为活动，特别是在人类护理和动物生产中滥用抗菌药物。在本研究中，我们首先研究了北极/亚北极（极地）沉积物对30种抗磺酰胺，四环素，氨基糖苷，喹诺酮，大环内酯和β-内酰胺类抗生素ARG的丰度和多样性。通过qPCR检测到的极地沉积物ARGs与参考位点相比处于相对较低的水平（10-9至10-5个拷贝/ 16S rRNA基因拷贝），而参考位点是中国受灾最严重的地区（海河，天津水上乐园和七里海湿地水，以10−8至10−2拷贝/ 16S rRNA基因拷贝）。人类线粒体基因靶标Hmt首先用于鉴定与人为活动相关的ARG，ARG具有相对持久性，高拷贝数和人特异性分子标记。 Hmt在极地沉积物样品中始终以易于量化的量持续存在，表明它们与人为影响之间的关系，并且还与ARGs的相对丰度和现代抗生素的浓度呈正相关。对来自北极海洋沉积物和主要人类病原体数据库的抗性序列进行的系统进化分析表明，极地地区的ARGs是人类影响和自然起源相结合的结果。据我们所知，这是第一项显示北极海洋沉积物中的ARG似乎既是自然起源又是近期人类影响的混合物的研究。这项研究为与人类活动有关的抗生素耐药性的全球范围提供了重要参考。

The increasing global prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment is attributed to anthropogenic activities, particularly the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in human care and animal production. In the present study, we first examined Arctic/sub-Arctic (polar) sediments for the abundance and diversity of 30 ARGs against sulfonamide, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, quinolone, macrolide, and β-lactam antibiotics. Polar sediment ARGs were detected by qPCR at relatively low levels (10− 9 to 10− 5 copies/16S rRNA gene copies) compared to the reference sites, which were heavily impacted regions of China (the Haihe River, the Tianjin Water Park water and the Qilihai Wetland water, at 10− 8 to 10− 2 copies/16S rRNA gene copies). A human mitochondrial gene target, Hmt, was first used to aid in the identification of ARGs associated with anthropogenic activities, being relatively persistent, in high copy number and a human-specific molecular marker. Hmt was consistently present in easily quantifiable amounts in the polar sediment samples, indicating their relationship with human-impact, and it was also positively correlated with the relative abundance of ARGs and to the concentrations of modern-day antibiotics. Phylogenetic analyses of resistance sequences from both the Arctic marine sediments and a major database of human pathogens indicated that the ARGs in polar region were the result of a mix of human influence and natural origins. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that ARGs in Arctic marine sediments appear to be a mixture of both natural origins and recent human influence. This study provides a significant reference regarding the global reach of antibiotic resistance, which is associated with anthropogenic activities.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717328127