摘要

抗生素是一类能延缓或抑制微生物（通常是细菌）生长的抗菌剂。抗生素和抗生素耐药性在微生物进化史上一直共存，但最早于1928年由亚历山大·弗莱明爵士发现，并从此改变了人类的生活水平。然而，它们的过度使用和管理不善导致它们在环境中积累，给微生物群带来定向进化的压力。这可能导致抗生素耐药性的迅速发展和扩散，产生对当代抗生素药物具有耐药性的病原体。同样具有讽刺意味的是，现代废水处理技术不仅不能令人满意地缓解这一问题，而且还能集中抗生素污染物，增加它们与易感微生物的接触，增加抗生素耐药性扩散的机会。工程纳米材料是修复这些新出现的污染物的合适候选材料之一，由于其独特的性质，可以被合成用来原位检测和降解抗生素及其产生的耐药基因。

Antibiotics are a class of antimicrobial agents that retard or annul the growth of microbes, typically bacteria. Both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance have coexisted through microbial evolutionary history but were first discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming and have ever since revolutionized human living standards. However, their excessive and mismanaged use has led to their accumulation in the environment, putting directional evolutionary pressure on the microbiota. This can lead to rapid development and proliferation of antibiotic resistance, giving rise to pathogens, which are resistant to contemporary antibiotic drugs. It is also ironic that contemporary wastewater treatment technologies not only are unable to mitigate the problem satisfactorily but also act to concentrate the antibiotic pollutants and increase their exposure with susceptible microbes, increasing the chances of antibiotic resistance proliferation. One of the suitable candidates for remediation of these emerging pollutants is engineered nanomaterials, which, due to their unique properties, can be synthesized to detect and degrade both antibiotics and resultant antibiotic-resistant genes in situ.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128185988000110