摘要

       在过去的一个世纪里，为医疗和非医疗目的引入抗生素对人类福利和农业产出产生了积极的影响。然而，抗生素的使用以及由于其使用和处置而导致环境中这些化合物含量增加的后果也有着重要的生态遗产。通过对沉积物中细菌种子库DNA中两个抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的定量分析，研究了这一遗留问题。抗生素的工业应用导致tet（W）总丰度突然增加，sul1稳定增加。tet（W）的突变与1960年左右相对丰度的增加相对应，1976年左右达到峰值。这种积累模式与属于厚壁蕨门的种子库群落中特定成员的丰度高度相关。相比之下，1976年以后sul1的相对丰度增加。这与细菌的分类广谱相关，反映了sul1通过水平基因转移的传播。这两种arg的积累模式与药物抗生素使用的时间尺度大致一致。我们的结果表明，细菌种子库可以用来回顾抗生素的历史使用情况和耐药率。

       The introduction of antibiotics for both medical and non-medical purposes has had a positive effect on human welfare and agricultural output in the past century. However, there is also an important ecological legacy regarding the use of antibiotics and the consequences of increased levels of these compounds in the environment as a consequence of their use and disposal. This legacy was investigated by quantifying two antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) conferring resistance to tetracycline (tet(W)) and sulfonamide (sul1) in bacterial seed bank DNA in sediments. The industrial introduction of antibiotics caused an abrupt increase in the total abundance of tet(W) and a steady increase in sul1. The abrupt change in tet(W) corresponded to an increase in relative abundance from ca. 1960 that peaked around 1976. This pattern of accumulation was highly correlated with the abundance of specific members of the seed bank community belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. In contrast, the relative abundance of sul1 increased after 1976. This correlated with a taxonomically broad spectrum of bacteria, reflecting sul1 dissemination through horizontal gene transfer. The accumulation patterns of both ARGs correspond broadly to the temporal scale of medical antibiotic use. Our results show that the bacterial seed bank can be used to look back at the historical usage of antibiotics and resistance prevalence.

        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756452/