摘要

      在人类、兽医和农业用途上大量使用抗生素，导致它们不断释放到环境中。与抗生素一起，将抗药性细菌（ARB）和抗药性基因（ARGs）引入废水中。废水处理厂（WWTPs）为ARB的增殖和ARGs在不同微生物间的水平转移提供了便利条件，被认为是环境中抗生素耐药性传播的可能热点。事实上，在不同国家的WWTPs中都检测到对各类抗生素产生耐药性的基因，以及质粒、转座子、噬菌体、整合子等可移动基因元件。采用常规处理工艺的污水处理厂似乎能显著降低ARB，但不能有效去除ARG。在常规污水处理的基础上，实施先进的污水净化工艺是保护水环境的重要步骤。对ARB和ARGs在污水处理厂系统中的存在和命运越来越感兴趣，导致在过去几年中，这一领域的知识增长惊人。本文的主要目的是收集和整理现有的ARGs数据，这些ARGs通常存在于未经处理的污水、处理过的污水或活性污泥中。考虑了主要抗菌药物类（如β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、甲氧苄啶类和四环素类）对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。本文还包括多药外排基因的存在。抗生素的出现可能促进ARB和ARGs的选择。考虑到各方面的影响，对该问题进行讨论是很重要的，本文还介绍了污水处理厂进出水中抗生素的检测水平。

      The intensive use of antibiotics for human, veterinary and agricultural purposes, results in their continuous release into the environment. Together with antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are introduced into wastewater. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are believed to be probable hotspots for antibiotic resistance dissemination in the environment as they offer convenient conditions for ARB proliferation as well as for horizontal transfer of ARGs among different microorganisms. In fact, genes conferring resistance to all classes of antibiotics together with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, integrons are detected in WWTPs in different countries. It seems that WWTPs with conventional treatment processes are capable of significant reduction of ARB but are not efficient in ARG removal. Implementation of advanced wastewater cleaning processes in addition to a conventional wastewater treatment is an important step to protect the aquatic environment. Growing interest in presence and fate of ARB and ARGs in WWTP systems resulted in the fact that knowledge in this area has increased staggeringly in the past few years. The main aim of the article is to collect and organize available data on ARGs, that are commonly detected in raw sewage, treated wastewater or activated sludge. Resistance to the antibiotics usually used in antibacterial therapy belonging to main classes like beta-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, trimethoprim and tetracyclines was taken into account. The presence of multidrug efflux genes is also included in this paper. The occurrence of antibiotics may promote the selection of ARB and ARGs. As it is important to discuss the problem considering all aspects that influence it, the levels of antibiotics detected in influent and effluent of WWTPs were also presented.

       https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048-9697(19)34000-8