摘要

      由于抗生素对生态环境和人类健康的巨大危害，其耐药性已成为人们广泛关注的问题。中国是世界上抗生素生产和消费量最高的国家。因此，抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）在我国的各种环境（如地表水、废水、沉积物）中被检测到。本文对这些矩阵中ARGs的存在进行了综述和讨论。磺胺类耐药基因和四环素类耐药基因是我国最常见的ARGs。根据这两类精氨酸在自然环境中的丰度，抗磺胺类药物基因似乎比四环素类药物基因更稳定。此外，还研究了ARGs与抗生素、耐药菌（ARB）、重金属和环境参数（如pH、有机物）的关系。特别是，总ARGs的相对丰度与水相中总抗生素的浓度有很好的相关性，而与固相（土壤、沉积物、污泥和肥料）中总抗生素的浓度没有相关性。不同介质中ARGs与ARB、金属、环境参数的关系，由于环境复杂多变，有的呈正相关，有的呈负相关，有的则完全不相关。本文讨论了三种潜在的风险：向人类传播、不同ARGs的协同效应和ARGs的变异性。然而，由于环境的复杂性，建立ARG风险定量评估方法还需要做更多的工作，为抗生素的管理和人类健康的保护提供理论支持。

       Antibiotic resistance has become a widely concerned issue due to the huge risk on the ecological environment and human health. China has the highest production and consumption of antibiotics than other countries. Thus, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in various environmental settings (e.g., surface water, wastewater, sediment) in China. The occurrence of ARGs in these matrixes was summarized and discussed in this review. Sulfonamide resistance genes and tetracycline resistance genes were the most frequently detected ARGs in China. According to the abundance of these two classes of ARGs in the natural environment, sulfonamide resistance genes seem to be more stable than tetracycline resistance genes. Furthermore, the relationships between ARGs and antibiotics, antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB), heavy metals, and environmental parameters (e.g., pH, organics) were also investigated. Specifically, relative abundance of total ARGs was found to correlate well with concentration of total antibiotics in aqueous phase but not in the solid phase (soil, sediment, sludge, and manure). As for relationship between ARGs and ARB, metals, and environmental parameters in different media, due to complex and variable environment, some exhibit positive correlation, some negative, while others no correlation at all. Three potential risks are discussed in the text: transmission to human, synergistic effect of different ARGs, and variability of ARGs. However, due to the complexity of the environment, more work is needed to establish a quantitative approach of ARG risk assessment, which can provide a theoretical support for the management of antibiotics and the protection of human health.

       https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11356-018-2507-z