摘要

    由于在碳氢化合物淹没的基质中占优势地位的新兴现实，对碳氢化合物污染的土壤进行抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的分析变得越来越重要。在这项研究中，使用综合抗生素数据库（CARD）通过其元基因组的开放阅读框（ORF）的功能注释，评估了农业土壤（1S）和被废机油污染的农业土壤（AB1）的抗生素抗药性。 KEGG KofamKOALA。对AB1宏基因组的CARD分析显示，检测到24个AMR（抗菌素耐药性）基因家族，66个ARG，以及负责AB1宏基因组中抗生素外排的ARG优势（69.7％）。 1S基因组的CARD分析显示了四个AMR基因家族和五个ARG。使用KofamKOALA的两个元基因组的功能注释分别显示AB1中的171个ARG和1S中的29个ARG。使用KofamKOALA在AB1（121; 70.8％）和1S（16; 55.2％）中检测到的大多数ARG引起抗生素外排，同时还检测到其他耐药机制的ARG。在AB1元基因组中检测到所有五个主要的抗生素外排泵系统，尽管大多数用于抗生素外排的ARG属于RND（耐药性结节细胞分裂）和MFS（主要促进子超家族）外排系统。从1S和AB1元基因组中回收的ARGs中观察到的显着差异在统计学上得到了验证（P <0.05）。通过交叉耐药机制，尤其是外排泵，SEO污染被认为是导致AB1基因组中ARGs增加的原因。在这个多重耐药菌株复活的时代，这些ARG的检测引起了公众极大的关注。

    Profiling of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is becoming increasingly important due to emerging realities of their preponderance in hydrocarbon-inundated matrices. In this study, the antibiotic resistome of an agricultural soil (1S) and agricultural soil contaminated with spent engine oil (AB1) were evaluated via functional annotation of the open reading frames (ORFs) of their metagenomes using the comprehensive antibiotic database (CARD) and KEGG KofamKOALA. CARD analysis of AB1 metagenome revealed the detection of 24 AMR (antimicrobial resistance) gene families, 66 ARGs, and the preponderance (69.7%) of ARGs responsible for antibiotic efflux in AB1 metagenome. CARD analysis of 1S metagenome revealed four AMR gene families and five ARGs. Functional annotation of the two metagenomes using KofamKOALA showed 171 ARGs in AB1 and 29 ARGs in 1S, respectively. Majority of the detected ARGs in AB1 (121; 70.8%) and 1S (16; 55.2%) using KofamKOALA are responsible for antibiotic efflux while ARGs for other resistance mechanisms were also detected. All the five major antibiotic efflux pump systems were detected in AB1 metagenome, though majority of the ARGs for antibiotic efflux belong to the RND (resistance-nodulation-cell division) and MFS (major facilitator superfamily) efflux systems. Significant differences observed in the ARGs recovered from 1S and AB1 metagenomes were statistically validated (P < 0.05). SEO contamination is believed to be responsible for ARGs increase in AB1 metagenome via mechanisms of cross-resistance especially with efflux pumps. The detection of these ARGs is of great public health concern in this era of multidrug resistant isolates resurgence.

    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10646-021-02422-5