摘要

    抗生素耐药性是全球性威胁，对公众健康构成威胁。作为最大的抗生素消费国和生产国，中国正在从抗生素制造业中产生大量制药废渣，这些废渣有可能通过人为活动释放到环境中。药物污泥堆肥（PWSC）的土地施用是PWSC处理的一种流行方式，因此可能将大量抗生素引入土壤环境中，并导致抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的发展。 PWSC中的ARGs改良了土壤-植物系统，其传播途径和潜在的生态风险仍然未知。使用高通量qPCR芯片对经过PWSC修正的大白菜（上海青，小白菜）和土壤（包括根际，根际内层，根际土壤和块状土壤）的ARG进行分析，旨在研究PWSC应用的效果在ARGs土壤植物系统上。在所有收集的样品中共检测到249个ARG和12个移动遗传元件（MGE）。与大白菜的地上和地下成分相比，在土壤样品中检出的ARG数量最多（最多181个）。我们的结果表明，PWSC修正案增加了修改后的土壤-大白菜系统中ARGs的多样性并使其标准化。壁炉架测试和Procrustes分析揭示了ARG曲线与微生物群落（真菌和细菌群落）之间的联系。在大白菜根际，大白菜根和根际土壤中鉴定出共享的ARGs，表明大白菜中的抗生素抗药性与土壤之间存在潜在的联系，修正后的土壤是大白菜根际中ARGs的主要来源。总之，我们的发现为共享的零半径操作分类单位（ZOTU）和ARGs在PWSC的ARGs的土壤-大白菜系统元素（即改良的土壤，根和叶际）之间传递了途径提供了新的证据。将土壤改良为普通的绿色蔬菜，突显了抗生素抗药性从土壤转移到人类食物链的潜在安全隐患。

    Antibiotic resistance is a global threat posing risks to public health. China, as the largest consumer and producer of antibiotics, is generating a large amount of pharmaceutical waste sludge from the antibiotic manufacturing industry, which has the potential to be released into the environments by anthropogenic activities. Land application of pharmaceutical waste sludge compost (PWSC) is a popular way of PWSC disposal, with large amount of antibiotics might hence be introduced into the soil environments and result in the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). ARGs in PWSC amended soil-plant systems, their transmission routes and potential ecological risks are still unknown. A high-throughput qPCR chip was used to profile ARGs in Chinese cabbage (Shanghaiqing, Brassica chinensis L.) and soils (including phyllosphere, root endosphere, rhizosphere soil, and bulk soil) with PWSC amendment, aiming to study the effect of PWSC application on ARGs soil-plant systems. A total of 249 ARGs and 12 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected in all collected samples. The highest number of detected ARGs was in the soil samples (up to 181) compared to the above and below-ground components of Chinese cabbage. Our results demonstrated the PWSC amendment increased the diversity and normalized abundance of ARGs in the amended soil-Chinese cabbage system. Mantel test and Procrustes analysis revealed the connection between ARG profiles and microbial communities (fungal and bacterial communities). Shared ARGs were identified among the Chinese cabbage phyllosphere, Chinese cabbage root, and rhizosphere soils, demonstrating a potential link between antibiotic resistome in Chinese cabbage and soils, with the amended soil as a key source of ARGs in the phyllosphere of Chinese cabbage. In summary, our findings provided novel evidence for a transmission route shared Zero-radius operational taxonomic units (ZOTUs) and ARGs were passed between the soil-Chinese cabbage system elements (i.e., amended soil, root, and phyllosphere) of ARGs from the PWSC amended soils to common green vegetables, highlighting a potential safety hazard of antibiotic resistome transfer from soils to the human food chain.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652620352732