摘要

    用于人类和动物的抗生素的发现和进化是20世纪最重要的里程碑。然而，抗生素在地下水中的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的诱导和传播中起着重要作用，而地下水最近已成为主要的环境问题。它们被大规模施用于人类和动物，并在环境中持久存在。抗生素在生态环境中的长期影响尚不清楚，它们的发生和后果已成为世界范围内重要的研究课题。抗生素和ARG的热点地区包括医疗设施，畜牧业，水产养殖，垃圾填埋场，现场卫生系统，污水和废水处理厂。我们的荟萃分析表明，发现高浓度的抗生素包括环丙沙星，磺胺甲恶唑，红霉素和四环素，而磺酰胺和四环素ARGs在地下水中更为普遍。此外，报告的目标抗生素浓度最高，用于计算全球地下水体中的危险度（HQ）和危险度（RQ），分别估算环境和人类健康风险。由于可用的生态毒性数据有限，因此只能针对地下水中的几种抗生素计算RQ和HQ。抗生素的风险评估表明，当前地下水水平的抗生素不会对人类健康造成危害，而只有环丙沙星，红霉素，氟美喹嗪和磺胺甲恶唑显示出对水生生物的中度至低风险。地下水中ARGs和抗生素抗性细菌（ARBs）的出现也不大可能对人类健康构成威胁，但是食用被ARGs和ARBs污染的地下水可能有助于人类发展抗生素抗性。本综述还阐明了地下水中ARGs，抗生素，微生物群落和环境因素之间的关系，并报告了它们之间的显着相关性。它还针对相关研究的其他领域提出了未来展望的前景。 
Yòng yú rénlèi hé dòngwù de kàngshēngsù de

    The discovery and evolution of antibiotics for humans and animals are among the most significant milestones of the 20th century. However, antibiotics play a significant role in the induction and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in groundwater that has recently become the primary environmental concern. They are administrated to humans and animals on a large scale and are persistent in the environment. Long term impacts of antibiotics in the ecological environment are not still clearly understood, and their occurrence and consequences have become an important research topic worldwide. The hotspot reservoirs of antibiotics and ARGs include medical facilities, livestock farming, aquaculture, landfills, on-site sanitation systems, sewage, and wastewater treatment plants. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and tetracycline were found at high concentrations while sulfonamide and tetracycline ARGs were more prevalent in groundwater. Moreover, the highest reported concentrations of targeted antibiotics were used to calculate hazard quotient (HQ) and risk quotient (RQ) in global groundwater bodies to estimate environmental and human health risks, respectively. Due to limited available ecotoxicity data, RQ and HQ can only be calculated for a few antibiotics in groundwater. The risk assessment of antibiotics demonstrated that antibiotics with their current groundwater levels pose no human health risks, whereas only ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, flumequine, and sulfamethoxazole revealed moderate to low risks to aquatic species. The occurrence of ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARBs) in groundwater is also not likely to pose human health risk but consumption of groundwater contaminated with ARGs and ARBs might contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance in humans. The present review also sheds light on the relationship between ARGs, antibiotics, microbial communities, and environmental factors in groundwater, and reported a significant correlation between them. It also addresses prospects for future outlooks into further areas of relevant research.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135420309908