摘要

    全球范围内由传染病引起的发病率和死亡率很高，这迫使人类和动物普遍使用抗生素。人为来源的抗生素经常污染环境。产生的生态压力导致细菌“生物群落”的改变，环境微生物的高耐药率以及基因库的增加，从而导致了抗生素的耐药性。许多这样的抗生素抗性基因携带在可轻易在细菌之间交换的移动遗传元件上。生态净效应是耐药菌数量的不断增长，导致在临床和非临床环境中抗生素耐药性的传播。在非临床环境中，抗生素破坏了微生物和大微生物群落之间的自然共生平衡。在临床环境中，尽管很容易观察到治疗性抗生素的不良反应，但亚抑菌浓度的抗菌剂对人体健康的影响并不明显，需要进行研究。总之，抗菌素耐药性的影响广泛，不仅威胁健康和食品安全，而且还威胁我们的环境。因此，需要采取措施既要保证抗菌剂的功效，又要保护环境免受其破坏。

    Worldwide morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases is high, mandating high rates of antibiotic use among humans and animals. Antibiotics of anthropogenic origin often contaminate the environment. The arising ecological pressure results in alteration of bacterial “biomes,” high resistance rates in environmental microorganisms, and increase in the gene pool which contributes to antibiotic resistance. A number of such antibiotic resistance genes are carried on mobile genetic elements that can easily be exchanged between bacteria. The ecological net effect is an expanding population of resistant organisms contributing to spread of antibiotic resistance in both the clinical and the nonclinical environments. In nonclinical environments, antibiotics upset the natural symbiotic balance between microorganism and macroorganism communities. In clinical environments, while therapeutic antibiotic adverse effects are easily observed, the, impact of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials on human health are less apparent and require investigations. In summary, impact of antimicrobial resistance is extensive, threatening not just health and food safety but also our environment. Actions are thus required to both safeguard efficacies of antimicrobial agents, and also to protect the environment from damage by them.

    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-40422-2_12