摘要

    正在进行的有关抗生素抗性的环境研究将需要开发更好的数据库，不仅要对环境中抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的发生情况，还要对哪些微生物携带这些ARG进行数据库，因为宿主对于确定人类健康的风险至关重要。本文简要评述了将ARG与宿主连接的方法，包括相关分析，宏基因组学，荧光激活细胞分选，单细胞融合聚合酶链反应和基因组交联。现有数据集已经确定并归纳了废水，牲畜废物，淡水沉积物，垃圾填埋场和人类肠道微生物群中宿主与ARG之间的关系。数据汇总使我们能够在所有研究中确定ARGs的主要宿主，并且还揭示了ARGs及其宿主类型的巨大差异。该过程还明确表明，需要跨不同环境的ARG主机上提供更多数据，更解析的ARG主机系统发育鉴定以及标准化的元数据收集。随着直接依赖于ARG和宿主的不依赖培养物的方法的出现，可以确定ARG的主要环境贮藏库和高危ARG宿主的优先列表，然后用于设计干预措施以减少ARG扩散到病原细菌。

    Advancing environmental research on antibiotic resistance will require developing better databases of not only the occurrences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment but also which microorganisms host those ARGs, as hosts are critical to determining risk to human health. This brief review critically evaluates methods that link ARGs with their hosts, including correlation analysis, metagenomics, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, single-cell fusion polymerase chain reaction, and genomic cross-linking. Existing data sets that have identified host–ARG relationships in wastewater, livestock waste, freshwater sediments, landfills, and human gut microbiomes have been compiled and summarized. Data aggregation allowed us to identify dominant hosts of ARGs across all studies and also revealed an immense diversity in the types of ARGs and their hosts. The process also exposed a clear need for more data on ARG hosts across different environments, more resolved phylogenetic identification of ARG hosts, and standardized metadata collection. With the emergence of culture-independent methods that directly link ARGs and hosts, dominant environmental reservoirs of ARGs and a priority list of high-risk ARG hosts can be identified and subsequently used to design interventions to reduce the spread of ARGs to pathogenic bacteria.

    https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00202