摘要

    尽管事实上氯对人类有极大的毒性，但在世界范围内其仍被广泛用作水和废水处理行业的消毒剂。它的毒性进一步扩展到在杀死微生物和对水中有机物起作用的过程中产生消毒副产物。更重要的是，最近的研究证明了消毒对抗生素抗性基因（ARG）传播的潜在影响，特别是对城市污水处理厂最终消毒废水中的自由生活性ARG而言。确实，氯化前的大肠杆菌浓度与最终流出物中大量的细胞外ARG呈强相关。然而，较低的温度和较高的铵浓度被认为与细胞内ARGs有关。氯化会升高大量的ARG，因此，会引起自然界中抗生素耐药性扩散的危险。因此，越来越多地证明了氯的毒性，这迫切要求停止使用氯来处理水和废水。至少对于紫外线和紫外线/过氧化氢消毒，也得出了相同的结论。应紧急避免化学消毒，或者至少要进行深度消毒。为了去除病原体和处理水，必须采用安全的多屏障方法，例如蒸馏和膜工艺。

    Chlorine is largely used as a disinfectant in the water and wastewater treatment industries through the world despite the fact that is greatly poisonous for human beings. Its toxicity is more extended to generating disinfection by-products during its microorganisms’ killing and action on organic matter present in water. More importantly, recent studies proved the potential impacts of disinfection on transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), particularly for free-living ARGs in final disinfected effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants. Indeed, Escherichia coli concentration prior to chlorination depicted a powerful positive correlation with the extracellular ARGs plenty in the final effluents; however, lower temperature and higher ammonium concentration were suggested to relate with intracellular ARGs. Chlorination could elevate the plenty of ARGs, therefore, inducing danger of the diffusion of antibiotic resistance in nature. Consequently, chlorine toxicity is more and more proved, which appeals its urgent stopping from using it in the treatment of both water and wastewater. The same conclusion was also obtained at least for UV and UV/H2O2 disinfection. Chemical disinfection should be urgently avoided or at least deeply revised. For removing pathogens and treating water, safe multi-barrier methods, such as distillation and membrane processes, have to be adopted.

    https://www.scirp.org/html/97777_97777.htm