摘要

   抗生素耐药性是一个全球性的新兴公共卫生问题，其在野生动物中的存在和影响广为人知。抗菌素耐药基因 (ARG) 被认为是环境污染物，适用于评估人为对野生动物和环境的影响程度。我们使用野生猫科动物吉尼亚（Leopardus guigna）作为在智利整个分布范围内的人类化和原始地区存在 ARG 的哨兵。我们评估了 2009 年至 2018 年间收集的 51 只野生吉尼亚斯的粪便样本。采用实时 PCR 论文检测和量化粪便微生物组中 22 种选定的 ARG。所有动物 (100%) 对至少一种 ARG 呈阳性。最普遍的 ARG 家族是那些赋予四环素 (88.2%) 和 β-内酰胺酶 (68.9%) 抗性的家族，包括 tet(Q) (60.8%)、tet(W) (60.8%) 和 blaTEM (66.7%)作为最流行的 ARG。在 43% 的 guignas 中观察到多电阻分布。 tet(Q) (p=0.014)、tet(W) (p=0.0037)、四环素家族 (p=0.027)、多重耐药性分布患病率 (p=0.043) 和tet(W) 量化 (p=0.004)。来自人类化景观的两只动物对 mecA 呈阳性，mecA 是一种与金黄色葡萄球菌和其他耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌相关的基因，而来自人类化地区的三只动物对 blaCTX-M 呈阳性，blaCTX-M 编码 A 类超广谱 β-内酰胺酶。这两种基因都已在引起全球相关医院感染的细菌中得到鉴定。这是智利首次对野生猫科动物的 ARGs 进行研究，也是首次在南美野生猫科动物中检测到 mecA。我们观察到景观人类化程度与 ARG 流行程度之间的关联，证实 ARG 是野生动物暴露于人类活动/存在的重要指标，分布广泛。

  Animal waste fertilization is a traditional agricultural practice, which may have adverse effects to soil ecosystem. However, the side-effects of animal waste fertilization on vegetables are less studied. Here we selected a swine farming village for investigation with a nearby village without swine farming as comparison. In the swine farming village, the farmers use untreated swine manure and wastewater as fertilizers for vegetable cultivation. In the reference village, the farmers mainly use commercial organic fertilizers. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts of untreated swine waste fertilization on both soils and vegetables in terms of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial microbial communities. The results indicate that untreated swine waste fertilization caused both antibiotic and ARG contaminations and changed the microbial community compositions in the soils. Varieties of tetracyclines and related resistance genes were detected especially in swine wastewater treated soils. The soil quality was impacted with the relations to bacterial abundances and microbial geochemical functions. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were prevalent and positively correlated to ARGs in soils, indicating they were potential antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antibiotics and ARGs were detected in vegetables of both villages. The abundances of ARGs were relatively higher in some vegetable samples of the swine farming village than the reference village. In addition, intracellular parasites Rickettsiales with positive correlation to ARGs were prevalent in some vegetables of swine farming village, indicating potential health risks through eating contaminated vegetables. The results of this study suggest that untreated swine wastes may cause adverse effects to not only agricultural soils but also associated vegetables.

   https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720340043