摘要

      来自不同来源的大量抗生素已被释放到沿海环境中，特别是在人口稠密的地区，但对野生动物抗生素足迹的综合研究很少。在这里，我们评估了太平洋巴塔哥尼亚海岸人口稀少地区两个沿海湿地的远距离迁徙滨鸟物种的沉积物和肠道微生物群中抗生素抗性细菌 (ARB) 和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 的发生情况，并与潜在的抗生素形成对比。来源，尤其是水产养殖。我们发现 62% 的沉积物样本显示 ARB，而 ARGs 类似地出现在两个海湾的沉积物中。然而，仅在水产养殖作业周围海湾的沉积物中发现了多重抗性 ARB。 87% 的泄殖腔鸟类样本显示至少一种 ARB，其中 63% 具有多重抗性，其中一些具有很高的潜在致病性。 ARGs 存在于 46% 的鸟类样本中，在海湾之间具有相似的多重抗性频率。除了主要与鲑鱼养殖中使用的抗生素增加沉积物中的 ARB 相关的特定差异外，ARB 和 ARGs 在两个主要人类活动形成对比的海湾的发生总体相似，尽管人类人口相对较少。因此，我们的研究结果强化了这样一种观点，即抗生素足迹可能在全球范围内广泛存在，并且可以超越抗生素来源的地理影响，尤其是在迁徙的滨鸟既是抗生素耐药性的宿主又是潜在传播者的沿海环境中。

       Large amounts of antibiotics from different sources have been released into coastal environments, especially in high human-populated areas, but comprehensive studies of antibiotic footprint in wildlife are scarce. Here we assess occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) both in sediments and gut microbiota of a long-distance migratory shorebird species in two coastal wetlands at a sparsely-populated area in Pacific Patagonian coasts with contrasting potential antibiotic sources, especially from aquaculture. We found 62% of sediment samples showing ARB, and ARGs similarly occurring in sediments at both bays. However multi-resistant ARB were found only at sediments in the bay surrounding aquaculture operations. An 87% of cloacal bird samples showed at least one ARB, with 63% being multi-resistant and some of them with a high potential pathogenicity. ARGs were present in 46% of the samples from birds, with similar multi-resistant frequencies among bays. Besides specific differences mainly associated to antibiotics used in salmon aquaculture that boosted ARB in sediments, ARB and ARGs occurrence was overall similar at two bays with contrasting main human activities, in spite of being a comparatively low human-populated area. Therefore, our results reinforce the idea that the antibiotic footprint may be widespread at a global scale and can extend beyond the geographical influence of antibiotic sources, especially at coastal environments where migratory shorebirds act both as reservoirs and potential spreaders of antibiotic resistance.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721010718