摘要

       在畜禽粪便堆肥过程中，抗生素残留与非抗生素药物和重金属一起对抗生素抗性微生物 (ARM)、抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 和移动遗传元件 (MGE) 的传播产生选择压力。 ARMs、ARGs 和 MGEs 已成为新出现的污染物，因为它们经常与大多数牲畜粪便生产的堆肥有关。由于这些污染物对整个环境构成的风险，这些污染物在接受堆肥的农业土壤中的流行引起了全球的广泛关注。尽管存在大量关于应用堆肥方法来最小化这些污染物的相对丰度的文献，但关于当前部署的各种堆肥协议的稳健性、局限性以及机会和威胁的信息很少。为了解决这一知识差距，当前的综述汇编了关于牲畜粪便堆肥过程中 ARM、ARG 和 MGE 增殖的起源和机制的文献。评估了当前堆肥方案在减少或去除新出现的污染物方面的有效性。此外，还介绍了在土地施用堆肥后这些污染物的潜在环境影响和人类健康风险。最后，我们提出了一些减少牲畜粪便堆肥过程中 ARGs 和 MGEs 的战略方法。

       Antibiotic residues together with non-antibiotic drugs and heavy metals act as a selective pressure for the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (ARMs), antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during composting of livestock manure. ARMs, ARGs and MGEs have become emerging contaminants since they are regularly implicated in the majority of compost produced from livestock manure. The prevalence of these contaminants in agricultural soil receiving compost has drawn huge attention globally due to the risks they pose to the total environment. Although a large body of literature exists on the application of composting methods in minimizing the relative abundance of these contaminants, there is a paucity of information on the robustness, limitations and opportunities and threats of various composting protocols currently deployed. To address this knowledge gap, the current review compiled literature on the origin and mechanisms of the proliferation of ARMs, ARGs, and MGEs during composting of livestock manure. The effectiveness of current composting protocols in the reduction or removal of emerging contaminants was evaluated. Furthermore, the potential environmental impacts and human health risks of these contaminants following land application of compost were also presented. Finally, we propose some strategic approaches for the reduction of ARGs and MGEs during composting of livestock manure.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721022622