摘要

       本研究确定了家禽和牛粪施肥对抗生素、重金属 (HM) 含量的影响，以及土壤、地下水和粪肥改良地块上种植的作物中整合酶和抗生素抗性基因的定量和定性组成。使用 HPLC-MS/MS 分析抗生素浓度水平，通过 HGAAS 和 ICP-OES 测量重金属浓度水平，而使用实时 PCR (qPCR) 方法定量整合酶基因和 ARG。在所有测试的 HMs 中，粪便、土壤和作物样品中的 Zn（104-105 ng gdm-1）和 Cu（103-105 ng gdm-1）浓度最高。粪便补充土壤的特征是高浓度的强力霉素和恩诺沙星。在粪便（109-1010 拷贝 gdm-1）和土壤（107-108 拷贝 gdm-1）样品中发现了高丰度的整合酶基因。在所有分析的基因中，sul1、sul2、blaTEM 和整合酶基因是最常见的。研究结果证明了 ARGs 从家禽和牛粪转移到植物的选择性特征。在所有研究的环境区室中发生的唯一基因是 sul1（从 102 - 地下水到 1011 - 家禽粪便）。研究还发现，动物粪便可能会导致土壤中 HMs 浓度的增加及其在作物中的积累，这可能会影响人类和动物食用在经过粪便改良的土壤上种植的作物的健康。整合酶基因和 ARG 的高丰度及其与 HM 的相互关联构成了抗生素耐药性在环境中快速传播的严重风险。此外，整合酶基因和选定的 ARG 之间的异常依赖性表明遗传元件的移动性可能发生变化。

       This study determined the impact of poultry and bovine manure fertilization on the content of antibiotics, heavy metals (HMs), and the quantitative and qualitative composition of integrase and antibiotic resistance genes in soil, groundwater, and crops cultivated on manure-amended plots. Antibiotic concentration levels were analyzed using the HPLC-MS/MS, heavy metal concentration level were measured by HGAAS and ICP-OES, while the integrase genes and ARGs were quantified using Real-Time PCR (qPCR) method. Manure, soil, and crops samples contained the highest concentration of Zn (104–105 ng gdm−1) and Cu (103–105 ng gdm−1) of all HMs tested. Manure-supplemented soil was characterised by a high concentration of doxycycline and enrofloxacin. A high abundance of integrase genes was noted in samples of manure (109–1010 copies gdm−1) and soil (107–108 copies gdm−1). Among all the analyzed genes, sul1, sul2, blaTEM, and integrase genes were the most common. Results of the study demonstrate the selective character of ARGs transfer from poultry and bovine manure to plants. The only gene to occur in all studied environmental compartments was sul1 (from 102 - groundwater to 1011 - poultry manure). It was also found that animal manure may cause an increase in the HMs concentration in soil and their accumulation in crops, which may influence the health of humans and animals consuming crops grown on manure-amended soil. The high abundance of integrase genes and ARGs and their reciprocal correlations with HMs pose a serious risk of the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Moreover, unusual dependencies between integrase genes and selected ARGs indicate the possibility of changes in the mobility nature of genetic elements.