摘要

       几个世纪以来，粪便一直被用作富含营养的肥料，而粪便的厌氧消化 (AD) 直到最近才被认为是生产富含甲烷的沼气的有前途的可再生能源。已经评估了各种形式的 AD 以去除粪便污染物，例如对人类健康和环境构成风险的抗微生物剂、抗微生物药物抗性基因 (ARG)、激素和杀虫剂。对清洁能源的需求不断增加，促使对传统和先进 AD 技术中粪便污染物的归宿进行检查。该审查表明，污染物的去除因所处理化学品的类型（例如抗菌剂与激素）或类别（例如四环素与磺胺类）而异。越来越多的预处理技术被纳入 AD 系统，以提高沼气产量和降解粪便污染物。例如，经过微波预处理的活性炭去除了 87-95% 的 ARG。高级厌氧消化和固态厌氧消化减少了与磺胺类、大环内酯类和四环素相关的各种 ARG。此外，在嗜温 AD 之前使用高温预处理可以改善总激素的减少。最后，几项研究表明在管理堆肥过程中部分去除了抗菌剂和 ARGs。虽然 AD 可以在用作肥料之前独立减少粪便污染物，但通过堆肥和其他物理处理过程增加 AD 可以进一步提高它们的去除率。

       While manure has been used as nutrient-rich fertilizer for centuries, anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure has only been recognized recently as a promising renewable energy source for producing methane-rich biogas. Various forms of AD have been evaluated for the removal of manure contaminants, such as antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), hormones, and pesticides that pose risks to human health and the environment. Increasing demand for cleaner energy prompts examination of the fate of manure contaminants in conventional and advanced AD techniques. This review reveals that removal of contaminants differs based on type (e.g. antimicrobials vs hormones) or class (e.g. tetracyclines vs sulfonamides) of chemicals being treated. Increasingly, pre-treatment techniques are incorporated into AD systems to enhance biogas production and degrade manure contaminants. For instance, activated carbon with microwave pretreatment removed 87-95% of ARGs. Advanced anaerobic digestion and solid-state anaerobic digestion reduced various ARGs associated with sulfonamides, macrolides, and tetracyclines. Further, total hormone reduction improved using high-temperature pretreatment prior to mesophilic AD. Finally, several studies revealed partial removal of antimicrobials and ARGs during managed composting. Although AD can independently decrease manure contaminants prior to use as fertilizer, augmenting AD with composting and other physical treatment processes can further enhance their removal.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389420316204