摘要

       抗生素的过度使用、误用和使用不足往往会增加环境中的抗生素负担，导致微生物群落进化以具有抗药性，从而使抗生素对它们无效。目前的综述概括了关于抗生素在各种环境基质中的发生和归宿的知识现状。此外，各种生物和非生物系统中抗生素抗性细菌/抗生素抗性基因（ARB/ARGs）的流行、抗生素对非目标生物的生态毒性以及抗生素和 ARB/ARGs 去除的修复方法是严格审查。此外，还比较了各种技术在消除抗生素残留和 ARB/ARG 方面的效率。该研究确定了低浓度抗生素和多种抗生素混合物对非靶标生物的毒性作用研究中的空白。抗生素对沉积物和土壤生物的植物毒性和毒性的研究也被认为是一个知识空白。审查还详细说明了全球为对抗抗生素耐药性而实施的政策，并确定了实验室到土地转移修复技术数据的稀缺性。本研究需要对文献进行批判性审查，这些文献为制定谨慎使用抗生素的政策、限制药物制剂中的抗生素用量以及在印度进行定期监测提供指导方针。

       The overuse, misuse, and underuse of antibiotics tend to increase the antibiotic burden in the environment resulting into the evolution in microbial community to possess resistance that renders antibiotics ineffective against them. The current review recapitulates the present state of knowledge about the occurrence and fate of antibiotics in various environmental matrices. Also, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria/antibiotic-resistant genes (ARB/ARGs) in various biological and non-biological systems, eco-toxicity of antibiotics on non-target organisms, and remediation methods for antibiotics and ARB/ARGs removal were critically reviewed. Furthermore, a comparison of various technologies for their efficiency to eliminate antibiotic residues and ARB/ARGs is made. The study identified gaps in the investigation of toxic effects of low concentration of antibiotics and the mixture of multiple antibiotics on non-target organisms. The study of antibiotics’ phytotoxicity and toxicity towards sediment and soil-dwelling organisms are also recognized as a knowledge gap. The review also details policies implemented across the globe to fight against antibiotic resistance, and the scarcity of data on lab to land transferred remediation technology was identified. The present study entails a critical review of literature providing guidelines for the articulation of policies for prudent use of antibiotics, limits on the amount of antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations, and regular surveillance in the Indian context.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-021-13143-x