摘要

       本章简要回顾了天然土壤环境中的抗生素和杀微生物剂，包括天然存在的，更重要的是，由于人类冒险而进入环境的抗生素和杀微生物剂，并讨论了抗生素进入各种环境的命运。此外，不同的环境包含多种微生物，包括致病微生物和潜在致病微生物，以及通过与农业、工业活动、医疗保健和人类日常活动的许多其他方面相关的各种途径进入它们的细菌和真菌。环境中的一些微生物可以携带编码各种抗生素合成的基因。环境微生物组和游离 DNA (eDNA) 中还存在大量基因 (ARG)，统称为移动组，其产物赋予对各类抗生素和其他杀微生物剂的抗性。各种类型的细菌对这些化合物的耐药机制也得到了简明的处理。环境中的抗生素压力，加上各种水平基因转移 (HGT) 模式以及土壤中的物理和化学条件，可以有利于形成对不同抗生素（包括多重耐药菌株）具有抗药性的细菌库，其中一些可以危险的病原体或机会性致病细菌。

       This chapter presents a concise review of antibiotics and microbiocides in the natural soil environment, both naturally occurring and, more importantly, those entering the environment as a result of human ventures and the fate of the antibiotics entering various environments is discussed. Also, different environments contain a multitude of various microorganisms, including pathogenic and potentially pathogenic ones, as well as bacteria and fungi entering them via various routes related to farming, industrial activities, healthcare, and numerous other aspects of everyday human activity. Some of the microorganisms in the environment can carry genes coding the synthesis of various antibiotics. Also present in the environmental microbiome as well as in free DNA (eDNA) are numerous genes (ARGs), collectively called the mobilome, whose products confer resistance to various classes of antibiotics and other microbiocides. The mechanisms of various types of bacterial resistance to these compounds are also concisely dealt with. The antibiotic pressure in the environment, coupled with various modes of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and physical and chemical conditions in the soil, can favor the formation of a pool of bacteria resistant to different antibiotics, including multiresistant strains, some of which can be dangerous pathogens or opportunistic disease-causing bacteria.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-40422-2_14