摘要

       抗生素耐药性 (AR) 是一种全球现象，在世界范围内具有严重的流行病学影响。有人认为，使用或制造后排放到天然水环境中的抗生素会促进抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的发生。这些环境 ARGs 可以作为一个储存库，并水平转移到人类相关细菌，从而促进 AR 增殖。本研究的目的是调查巴基斯坦北部抗生素的人为负荷，并研究该地区选定样本中 ARG 的发生情况。选取了19个采样点；包括6条河流、1条水坝、1条运河、1条排污口和4个制剂设施。我们的结果表明，其中 5 条河流的抗生素水平与欧洲和美国未受污染地点的地表水测量结果相当。然而，在靠近 1000 万城市拉合尔的下游河流中可以检测到高水平的抗生素，土霉素、甲氧苄啶和磺胺甲恶唑分别为 1100、1700 和 2700 ng L-1。检测到的最高水平是在其中一个药物制剂设施中，测得的红霉素、林可霉素、环丙沙星、甲氧苄啶、左氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、27000、28000 和 49000 ng L-1 的浓度分别为 1100、4100、6200、7300、8000、27000、28000 和 49000 ng L-1分别是磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺甲恶唑。在这些部位也检测到 ARG，检测到的最高水平 ARG，sulI 和 dfrA1，与检测到的最高浓度抗生素磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄啶直接相关。在当地居民人数较少且附近没有医院的工业区内的药物制剂设施中发现抗生素和 ARGs 的水平最高，这表明该地点的 ARGs 水平与环境水平有关抗生素。

       Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global phenomenon that has severe epidemiological ramifications world-wide. It has been suggested that antibiotics that have been discharged into the natural aquatic environments after usage or manufacture can promote the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). These environmental ARGs could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropogenic load of antibiotics in Northern Pakistan and study the occurrence of ARGs in selected samples from this region. 19 sampling sites were selected; including six rivers, one dam, one canal, one sewage drain and four drug formulation facilities. Our results show that five of the rivers have antibiotic levels comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics could be detected in the downstream river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, 1100, 1700 and 2700 ng L−1 for oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole respectively. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with the measured levels of 1100, 4100, 6200, 7300, 8000, 27000, 28000 and 49000 ng L−1 of erythromycin, lincomycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole respectively. ARGs were also detected at the sites and the highest levels of ARGs detected, sulI and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Highest levels of both antibiotics and ARGs were seen at a drug formulation facility, within an industrial estate with a low number of local residents and no hospitals in the vicinity, which indicates that the levels of ARGs at this site were associated with the environmental levels of antibiotics.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0062712