摘要

       尽管氯对人类有剧毒，但在世界各地的水和废水处理行业中，它主要用作消毒剂。它的毒性更多地扩展到在其微生物杀死和作用于水中有机物的过程中产生消毒副产物。更重要的是，最近的研究证明了消毒对抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 传播的潜在影响，特别是对于城市污水处理厂最终消毒出水中的自由生存 ARG。事实上，氯化前的大肠杆菌浓度与最终流出物中大量的细胞外 ARG 呈强正相关；然而，较低的温度和较高的铵浓度被认为与细胞内 ARG 相关。氯化可以提高大量的 ARG，因此，会导致抗生素耐药性在自然界中扩散的危险。因此，氯的毒性越来越被证明，这呼吁其紧急停止将其用于水和废水的处理。至少对于 UV 和 UV/H2O2 消毒也得到了相同的结论。应紧急避免或至少深度修改化学消毒。为了去除病原体和处理水，必须采用安全的多屏障方法，例如蒸馏和膜工艺。

       Chlorine is largely used as a disinfectant in the water and wastewater treatment industries through the world despite the fact that is greatly poisonous for human beings. Its toxicity is more extended to generating disinfection by-products during its microorganisms’ killing and action on organic matter present in water. More importantly, recent studies proved the potential impacts of disinfection on transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), particularly for free-living ARGs in final disinfected effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants. Indeed, Escherichia coli concentration prior to chlorination depicted a powerful positive correlation with the extracellular ARGs plenty in the final effluents; however, lower temperature and higher ammonium concentration were suggested to relate with intracellular ARGs. Chlorination could elevate the plenty of ARGs, therefore, inducing danger of the diffusion of antibiotic resistance in nature. Consequently, chlorine toxicity is more and more proved, which appeals its urgent stopping from using it in the treatment of both water and wastewater. The same conclusion was also obtained at least for UV and UV/H2O2 disinfection. Chemical disinfection should be urgently avoided or at least deeply revised. For removing pathogens and treating water, safe multi-barrier methods, such as distillation and membrane processes, have to be adopted.

https://www.scirp.org/html/97777_97777.htm