摘要

       许多研究已经量化了土壤、地表水和废物处理厂 (WTP) 中的抗生素和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 水平。然而，关于城市固体废物 (MSW) 填埋渗滤液的类似工作是有限的，这令人担忧，因为抗生素处置通常在 MSW 流中。在这里，我们量化了 MSW 中的 20 种磺胺 (SA)、喹诺酮 (FQ)、四环素 (TC)、大环内酯 (ML) 和氯霉素 (CP) 抗生素以及六种 ARG（sul1、sul2、tetQ、tetM、ermB 和 mefA） 2014 年 4 月和 7 月来自两个上海转运站（TS；站点 Hulin (HL) 和 Xupu (XP)）和一个垃圾填埋场 (LR) 的渗滤液。TS 中的抗生素水平高于 LR 渗滤液（985 ± 1965 ng/L vs 345 ± 932 ng/L，n = 40），这是因为 HL 浸出液中的含量非常高（平均为 1676 ± 5175 ng/L，n = 40）。平均 MLs (3561 ± 8377 ng/L, n = 12)、FQs (975 ± 1608 ng/L, n = 24) 和 SAs (402 ± 704 ng/L, n = 42) 抗生素类别最高所有样品。在所有渗滤液样品中都检测到 ARG，标准化 sul2 和 ermB 水平特别升高（分别为 -1.37 ± 1.2 和 -1.76 ± 1.6 log（副本/16S-rDNA））。然而，ARG 丰度与检测到的抗生素水平无关，除了 tetW 和 tetQ 与 TC 水平（分别为 r = 0.88 和 0.81）。相比之下，大多数测量的 ARG 确实与重金属水平显着相关（p < 0.05），尤其是与 Cd 和 Cr 相关。这项研究表明，高水平的 ARG 和抗生素可以在 MSW 渗滤液中盛行，而垃圾填埋场作为环境中抗生素和 ARG 的来源可能被低估。

       Many studies have quantified antibiotics and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) levels in soils, surface waters, and waste treatment plants (WTPs). However, similar work on municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachates is limited, which is concerning because antibiotics disposal is often in the MSW stream. Here we quantified 20 sulfonamide (SA), quinolone (FQ), tetracycline (TC), macrolide (ML), and chloramphenicol (CP) antibiotics, and six ARGs (sul1, sul2, tetQ, tetM, ermB, and mefA) in MSW leachates from two Shanghai transfer stations (TS; sites Hulin (HL) and Xupu (XP)) and one landfill reservoir (LR) in April and July 2014. Antibiotic levels were higher in TS than LR leachates (985 ± 1965 ng/L vs 345 ± 932 ng/L, n = 40), which was because of very high levels in the HL leachates (averaging at 1676 ± 5175 ng/L, n = 40). The mean MLs (3561 ± 8377 ng/L, n = 12), FQs (975 ± 1608 ng/L, n = 24), and SAs (402 ± 704 ng/L, n = 42) classes of antibiotics were highest across all samples. ARGs were detected in all leachate samples with normalized sul2 and ermB levels being especially elevated (−1.37 ± 1.2 and −1.76 ± 1.6 log (copies/16S-rDNA), respectively). However, ARG abundances did not correlate with detected antibiotic levels, except for tetW and tetQ with TC levels (r = 0.88 and 0.81, respectively). In contrast, most measured ARGs did significantly correlate with heavy metal levels (p < 0.05), especially with Cd and Cr. This study shows high levels of ARGs and antibiotics can prevail in MSW leachates and landfills may be an underappreciated as a source of antibiotics and ARGs to the environment.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es506081z