摘要

       环境中抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 的全球流行归因于人为活动，特别是在人类护理和动物生产中滥用抗菌药物。在本研究中，我们首先检查了北极/亚北极（极地）沉积物中 30 种 ARG 对磺胺、四环素、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮、大环内酯和 β-内酰胺抗生素的丰度和多样性。与参考位点相比，qPCR 检测到的极地沉积物 ARGs 的水平相对较低（10-9 至 10-5 个拷贝/16S rRNA 基因拷贝），这些参考位点是中国重灾区（海河、天津水上乐园水域和七里海湿地水，10− 8 到 10− 2 个拷贝/16S rRNA 基因拷贝）。人类线粒体基因靶标 Hmt 首先用于帮助鉴定与人为活动相关的 ARG，这些 ARG 具有相对持久性、高拷贝数和人类特异性分子标记。 Hmt 在极地沉积物样本中始终以易于量化的量存在，表明它们与人类影响的关系，并且它还与 ARG 的相对丰度和现代抗生素的浓度呈正相关。来自北极海洋沉积物和主要人类病原体数据库的抗性序列的系统发育分析表明，极地地区的 ARG 是人类影响和自然起源混合的结果。据我们所知，这是首次研究表明北极海洋沉积物中的 ARGs 似乎是自然起源和最近人类影响的混合物。这项研究为抗生素耐药性的全球影响提供了重要参考，这与人为活动有关。

       The increasing global prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment is attributed to anthropogenic activities, particularly the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in human care and animal production. In the present study, we first examined Arctic/sub-Arctic (polar) sediments for the abundance and diversity of 30 ARGs against sulfonamide, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, quinolone, macrolide, and β-lactam antibiotics. Polar sediment ARGs were detected by qPCR at relatively low levels (10− 9 to 10− 5 copies/16S rRNA gene copies) compared to the reference sites, which were heavily impacted regions of China (the Haihe River, the Tianjin Water Park water and the Qilihai Wetland water, at 10− 8 to 10− 2 copies/16S rRNA gene copies). A human mitochondrial gene target, Hmt, was first used to aid in the identification of ARGs associated with anthropogenic activities, being relatively persistent, in high copy number and a human-specific molecular marker. Hmt was consistently present in easily quantifiable amounts in the polar sediment samples, indicating their relationship with human-impact, and it was also positively correlated with the relative abundance of ARGs and to the concentrations of modern-day antibiotics. Phylogenetic analyses of resistance sequences from both the Arctic marine sediments and a major database of human pathogens indicated that the ARGs in polar region were the result of a mix of human influence and natural origins. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that ARGs in Arctic marine sediments appear to be a mixture of both natural origins and recent human influence. This study provides a significant reference regarding the global reach of antibiotic resistance, which is associated with anthropogenic activities.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969717328127