摘要

       该小综述致力于分析土壤中重金属、多环芳烃 (PAHs) 和多氯联苯 (PCBs) 污染对土壤微生物群落中抗生素抗性基因 (ARGs) 分布的影响。结果表明，对 ARGs 分布过程的最佳理解需要研究污染物对自然微生物群落中这一过程的影响。重金属与细菌基因组的相同移动元件中的 ARGs 一起促进决定对它们的抗性的基因的共同选择，但大多数研究集中在富含来自粪便的 ARGs 的农业土壤上。研究非农业土壤将明确 ARGs 在自然和人为转化环境中的转移机制，并突出产生抗生素的细菌的作用。 PAH 使土壤微生物群落发生了相当大的变化，导致放线菌数量增加，放线菌是抗生素形成的来源并带有多种 ARG。被PAHs污染的土壤可以成为耐药细菌的选择性培养基，ARGs的表达水平要高得多。 PCBs 在土壤中积累并显着改变土壤微生物群落的特定结构。在这样的土壤中，不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属和 Alcanivorax 属的代表占主导地位，降解 PCB 的能力与水平基因转移 (HGT) 和高水平的基因组可塑性有关。注意力还集中在需要研究土壤的特性上，这些特性对污染物的生物有效性有影响，因此对土壤微生物的抵抗力有影响。

       The minireview is devoted to the analysis of the influence of soil pollution with heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the distribution of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) in soil microbiomes. It is shown that the best understanding of ARGs distribution process requires studying the influence of pollutants on this process in natural microbiocenoses. Heavy metals promote co-selection of genes determining resistance to them together with ARGs in the same mobile elements of a bacterial genome, but the majority of studies focus on agricultural soils enriched with ARGs originating from manure. Studying nonagricultural soils would clear mechanisms of ARGs transfer in natural and anthropogenically transformed environments and highlight the role of antibiotic-producing bacteria. PAHs make a considerable shift in soil microbiomes leading to an increase in the number of Actinobacteria which are the source of antibiotics formation and bear multiple ARGs. The soils polluted with PAHs can be a selective medium for bacteria resistant to antibiotics, and the level of ARGs expression is much higher. PCBs are accumulated in soils and significantly alter the specific structure of soil microbiocenoses. In such soils, representatives of the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Alcanivorax dominate, and the ability to degrade PCBs is connected to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and high level of genomic plasticity. The attention is also focused on the need to study the properties of the soil having an impact on the bioavailability of pollutants and, as a result, on resistome of soil microorganisms.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-018-1465-9