摘要

       调查了中国北方天津水产养殖环境中磺胺和四环素抗性的发生情况及其污染状况。在天津市的 6 个水产养殖场中，鉴定出抗生素抗性细菌的存在，并对相应的抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 进行量化。磺胺抗性基因普遍存在，其检测浓度最高（sul1/16S rDNA 为 3.0 × 10−5 至 3.3 × 10−4，sul2/16S rDNA 为 2.0 × 10−4 至 1.8 × 10−3）各种 ARG，很可能是因为在该领域中磺胺类药物的使用比四环素类更普遍。芽孢杆菌是磺胺甲恶唑耐药菌（占耐药菌总数的 63.27%）和四环素耐药菌（占耐药菌总数的 57.14%）中最主要的细菌属。这些基因中至少有两个（tetM、tetO、tetT、tetW、sul1 和 sul2）在蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和不动杆菌的分离物中检测到，并且所有上述基因都在蜡状芽孢杆菌中检测到，表明在研究区域发生了多重耐药性。系统发育分析暗示了 sul1 在肠道细菌（例如，肠球菌属）和本地细菌（例如，芽孢杆菌属）之间的遗传转移。在本地细菌中发现了几种耐药机会性病原体（例如不动杆菌属），这增加了 ARGs 对公共健康的风险。总体而言，这是首次通过分析耐抗生素细菌种类并采用定性和定量方法对中国北方典型水产养殖区的 ARGs 进行调查，从而全面调查抗生素耐药性特征的研究。

       The occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance and their pollution profile in the aquaculture environment of Tianjin, northern China, were investigated. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified and the corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were quantified at 6 aquaculture farms in Tianjin. Sulfonamide-resistance genes were prevalent and their concentrations were the highest detected (3.0 × 10−5 to 3.3 × 10−4 for sul1/16S rDNA, 2.0 × 10−4 to 1.8 × 10−3 for sul2/16S rDNA) among the various ARGs, most likely because the use of sulfonamides is more prevalent than tetracyclines in this area. Bacillus was the most dominant bacterial genus in both sulfamethoxazole resistant bacteria (63.27% of the total resistant bacteria) and tetracycline-resistant bacteria (57.14% of the total resistant bacteria). At least two of those genes (tetM, tetO, tetT, tetW, sul1 and sul2) were detected in the isolates of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Acinetobacter lwofii, and all of the above genes were detected in B. cereus, suggesting the occurrence of multi-resistance in the studied area. The genetic transfer of sul1 between intestinal bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus spp.) and indigenous bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) was implied by phylogenetic analysis. Several strains of resistant opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Acinetobacter spp.) were found in indigenous bacteria, which increase the risk of ARGs to public health. Overall, this is the first study to comprehensively investigate the antibiotic resistance profile by analyzing the species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and adopting qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate ARGs at a typical aquaculture area in northern China.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135412000929